Nā mea kemika e hoʻopilikia ananā lako hoʻopili baklavanā kaʻina hana

ʻO ke akamai i ka haku mele kemika, nā waiwai kemika a me nā loli kemika o nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia, ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana a me ke aʻo ʻana i nā waiwai a me nā ʻano hana hōʻino o nā mea i ka wā o ke kaʻapuni ʻana, a me ke koho ʻana i nā hana ʻenehana pale kemika kūpono e kōkua i ka hoʻolālā pololei ʻana i ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻananā lako hoʻopili baklavanā kaʻina hana.

1. Ka hoʻohuihui kemika o ka huahana

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke ʻano kemika o nā huahana i hoʻopili ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: nā ʻāpana inorganic, nā ʻāpana organik a me nā ʻāpana hui pū ʻia o nā mea ʻelua. ʻO nā loli maikaʻi o nā huahana i hoʻopili ʻia i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana hoʻolaha ʻana, ʻo ia ka hopena o nā hopena i hui pū ʻia o nā loli kemika, nā loli kino a me nā hana physiological o ka huahana ponoʻī, i hoʻoholo ʻia e nā ʻāpana o ka huahana i hoʻopili ʻia a me nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni hoʻolaha.

(1)ʻO ka hoʻohuihui kemika o ka meaʻai Ua māhele ʻia ka meaʻai i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: ka meaʻai kūlohelohe a me ka meaʻai i hana ʻia. ʻO ka meaʻai kūlohelohe ka meaʻai hou a me ka meaʻai hou i hana ʻole ʻia. ʻO ka meaʻai i hana ʻia kahi huahana i loaʻa ma ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai kūlohelohe ma ke ʻano he mea maka, e like me nā palaoa i hoʻopau ʻia, nā mea ʻono, nā mea ʻono, nā mea mālama, nā kini, nā mea inu, nā cigarette, ka waina, ke kī, nā mea ʻono, nā meaʻai maʻalahi, nā huahana waiū, nā pickles, a pēlā aku. ʻO kāna mau mea nui he mau kalapona, nā protein, nā momona, ka cellulose, nā huaora, nā minelala, a pēlā aku. ʻO nā meaʻai hou a hou, e like me nā huaʻai, nā mea kanu, nā iʻa hou a me ka ʻōpae, a pēlā aku, me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea i luna, ke hana nei hoʻi i nā hana metabolic a hoʻomau i ka

Ke hoʻomau nei ia i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka oxidation biological ma lalo o ka catalysis o nā enzymes, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke hana nei hoʻi i nā hana physiological maʻamau.

(2)ʻO ka hoʻohuihui kemika o nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻO nā huahana lāʻau lapaʻau he mau lāʻau lapaʻau no ke kumu o ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka mālama ola kino, me nā inikini, nā wai, nā pauka, nā papa, nā pila, nā ʻaila a me nā mea hoʻonani. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau mea he hui ʻana o kekahi mau mea hoʻohui a mea paha. ʻO kekahi o lākou he mau mea inorganic a i ʻole nā ​​mea organik i hui pū ʻia, e like me ka ginseng royal jelly, Yinqiao Jiedu Pills, a pēlā aku, i hui pū ʻia me kekahi mau mea hoʻohui like ʻole.

(3)ʻO ka hoʻohuihui kemika o nā mea hoʻonani ʻO nā mea hoʻonani he mau huahana kemika i hoʻohana ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā e pale a hoʻonani i ka ʻili kanaka. ʻO lākou ka mea nui e komo pū me nā poni, nā pauka, nā mea wai, nā mea ʻaila, a pēlā aku. Loaʻa i nā mea hoʻonani ka ʻala, ke kala, ka mea holoi, ka meaʻai, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, a pēlā aku. Nā mea hoʻohui, awelika

He hui ia o nā mea kemika like ʻole a i ʻole nā ​​mea kūlohelohe.

(4)ʻO ka haku mele kemika o nā huahana electromechanical ʻO ka hapa nui o nā huahana electromechanical i hana ʻia me ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia, ke kila kalapona, ke keleawe, ka alumini a me nā mea metala ʻē aʻe, a ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou he hao i hoʻolei ʻia a me ke kila kalapona. ʻO kā lākou mau mea nui he hao, kalapona a me kā lākou mau hui. He metala pane koke ka hao a hiki ke hana maʻalahi i nā pila liʻiliʻi me ke kalapona a me nā metala haumia hana ʻole. No laila, he mea maʻalahi ka hao e palaho. Eia kekahi, ma hope o ke puhi ʻia ʻana o kekahi mau ʻāpana o nā huahana mechanical a me nā huahana uila, hoʻopaʻa ʻia, mālama wela ʻia a wili ʻia, kaomi ʻia a kulou ʻia paha, e hoʻololi lākou i ke kaomi i loko o ka metala. E hoʻolaha pū kēia mau mea mechanical i ka palaho o ka metala, i kapa ʻia ʻo "stress corrosion".

(5)ʻO ka hoʻohuihui kemika o nā kemika weliweli ʻO nā pilikia kemika e pili ana i nā mea lapalapa, pahū, ʻawaʻawa loa, ʻino loa a me ka radioactive. Wahi a ko lākou mau waiwai kemika, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā ʻāpana he ʻumi: nā mea pahū, nā mea hoʻomake, nā kinoea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me nā kinoea wai, nā mea puhi koke, nā mea e puhi ana i ka wā e hōʻike ʻia ai i ka wai, nā wai lapalapa, nā mea paʻa lapalapa, nā mea ʻawaʻawa, nā mea ʻawaʻawa a me nā mea radioactive. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau mea he mau hui organik i haku ʻia me ke kalapona, ka hydrogen, a me ka oxygen, ʻo kekahi he mau metala hana a i ʻole nā ​​​​metala radioactive, a ʻo kekahi he mau mea inorganic a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea organik. ʻOkoʻa ko lākou mau waiwai kemika e like me ko lākou ʻano.

 

ʻO nā waiwai kemika o nā huahana i hoʻopili ʻia e pili ana i nā waiwai i loli nui ai ke ʻano, ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me nā ʻāpana o ka huahana ma lalo o nā kūlana o ka mālamalama, ka wela, ka oxygen, ka waikawa, ka alkali, ka paʻakai, ka mahana a me ka haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kūpaʻa kemika, ka corrosiveness, ka toxicity, ka flammability a me ka explosiveness, a pēlā aku.

(1)ʻO ke kūpaʻa kemika o ka huahana ʻO ke kūpaʻa kemika e pili ana i ka hana o ka huahana ʻaʻole i maʻalahi i ka palaho, ka oxidation a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​loli ʻē aʻe i loko o kahi pae i manaʻo ʻia ma lalo o ka mana o nā kumu o waho. Hoʻoholo ʻia ke kūpaʻa kemika e nā ʻāpana a me ke ʻano o ka huahana, a me nā kūlana o waho a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe. No ka laʻana, puhi ka phosphorus ʻulaʻula i ka wā e hoʻomehana ʻia ai i 160C, ʻoiai ua maʻalahi ka oxidized phosphorus melemele a hiki ke puhi i 40C. ʻO nā ʻāpana kumu o ke kila kalapona a me ke kila kila ʻole he hao a me ke kalapona, akā ʻokoʻa loa ko lākou pala a me ka magnetism.

(2)ʻAwaʻawa o nā huahana ʻO ka ʻawaʻawa e pili ana i ka waiwai o kekahi mau huahana hoʻopili e hiki ke launa pū me nā kemika me kekahi mau ʻiʻo o ke kino a hoʻopau i nā hana physiological maʻamau o ke kino. ʻO nā huahana ʻawaʻawa e komo pū me nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā pesticides a me nā huahana kemika, i māhele ʻia i nā huahana ʻawaʻawa loa a me nā huahana ʻawaʻawa. Hiki ke loaʻa ka ʻike pili i ka ʻawaʻawa ma ka ʻike pili.

(3)ʻO ka palaho o nā huahana ʻO ka palaho o nā huahana e pili ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hiki i kekahi mau huahana, i ka wā e pili ai me nā meaola ola a i ʻole nā ​​​​metala, ke hana i nā kuni ʻino a me ka popo i nā meaola, a i ʻole e hoʻoulu i nā loli kemika luku i nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka palaho, ʻo ia ka pili ʻana me nā waikawa, alkalis a i ʻole nā ​​​​paʻakai.

(4)Ka puhi ʻana a me ka pahū ʻana onā lako hoʻopili baklavahuahana. ʻO ke kuni ʻana he hopena oxidation, i hana pinepine ʻia e ka wela a me ka mālamalama. Ua māhele ʻia i ʻehā mau māhele: nā wai lapalapa, nā mea paʻa lapalapa, nā mea kuni koke a me nā mea e puhi ana i ke ahi. ʻO ka pahū ʻana e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana e loli koke ai kahi huahana mai kahi kūlana paʻa a wai paha i kahi kūlana kinoea, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka nui o ka ikehu ma ke ʻano o ka ikehu mechanical a hana i kahi leo nui ma ke ʻano. Wahi a ke kumu, hiki ke māhele ʻia i ka pahū kino a me ka pahū kemika.

 

He paʻakikī a ʻokoʻa nā hui microbial, a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻelua mau māhele: cellular a me non-cellular. ʻO nā microorganism i loaʻa ke ʻano o ke kelepona ua kapa ʻia he cellular microorganisms. ʻO nā bacteria, nā ʻōpala a me nā hū i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ʻaneʻi he mau microorganisms cellular āpau. Wahi a ko lākou ʻano cell, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā microorganisms prokaryotic (e like me bacteria) a me nā microorganisms eukaryotic (e like me nā ʻōpala a me nā hū).

(1)ʻO nā bacteria nā microorganism i hoʻolaha nui ʻia a he nui loa i ke kūlohelohe a pili loa i nā kānaka. ʻO lākou ke kumu noiʻi nui o ka microbiology. He ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o nā bacteria. Ke loli nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni, loli pū ke ʻano. Eia nō naʻe, ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana o ke kaiapuni, mālama pinepine nā bacteria like ʻole i kahi ʻano. ʻEkolu mau ʻano kumu o nā bacteria: poepoe, ʻano koʻokoʻo a me ke ʻano wili, i kapa ʻia ʻo cocci, bacilli a me nā bacteria wili.

(2)ʻAʻole ʻo Mold kahi inoa taxonomic, akā he huaʻōlelo maʻamau no kekahi mau fungi filamentous. Hoʻolaha nui ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano. Hoʻoulu pinepine lākou i ka mold a me ka mildew i nā huahana mahiʻai a me nā huahana ʻaoʻao, nā lole, nā meaʻai, nā mea maka, nā mea hoʻopili, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a pili loa i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā o kānaka. hana ʻōpala. Pili.

(3)ʻO ka hū ka hū he hui o nā microorganism eukaryotic hoʻokahi-cell nona nā hoʻohana like ʻole. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoulu i ka berena a hana i ka waina, a hiki ke hana i ka waiʻona, glycerin, mannitol, nā waikawa organik, nā huaora, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka protein o nā cell hū ma mua o 50% o ke kaumaha maloʻo o nā cell a loaʻa nā waikawa amino koʻikoʻi no ke kino kanaka. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau hū e dewax i ka petroleum, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kiko hau o ka petroleum, a hoʻomākaukau i ka waikawa nucleic a me nā hoʻomākaukau enzyme.

Hoʻopilikia pinepine ka mea hū i nā kānaka. Hiki i nā mea hū Saprophytic ke hōʻino i ka meaʻai, nā lole a me nā mea maka ʻē aʻe. Hiki i kahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā mea hū hypertonic ke hōʻino i ka meli a me ka jam; ua lilo kekahi i bacteria haumia i ka ʻoihana fermentation. Hoʻopau lākou i ka waiʻona a hōʻemi i ka hana ʻana; a i ʻole hana i nā ʻala maikaʻi ʻole, e hoʻopilikia ananā lako hoʻopili baklava huahana. maikaʻi. Hiki i kekahi mau mea hū ke hoʻoulu i nā maʻi i loko o ke kanaka a me nā mea kanu. No ka laʻana, hiki iā Candida albicans ke hoʻoulu i nā ʻano maʻi like ʻole o ka ʻili, nā membrane mucous, ke ala hanu, ke ala ʻai, a me ka ʻōnaehana mimi. Hiki iā Cryptococcus neoformans ke hoʻoulu i ka meningitis mau loa, ka pneumonia, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ulu nui ka mea hū i nā wahi waikawa me ka nui o ke kō, e like me nā huaʻai, nā mea kanu, ka nectar a me nā lau mea kanu.

 

ʻO ka ʻōpala blister kahi ʻano hoʻopili kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia ma waena o kahi blister i hana ʻia me kahi pepa plastik moakaka a me kahi substrate (i hana ʻia me ka pepa pahu, ka pepa plastik, ka pepa alumini a i ʻole kā lākou mau mea i hui pū ʻia).

ʻO ka ʻōpala ʻili ke kau ʻana i nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia ma luna o kahi substrate hanu i hana ʻia me ka pepa pahu a i ʻole nā ​​​​pepa palakika, e uhi iā ia me kahi ʻili a pepa palakika i hoʻomehana ʻia a palupalu ʻia, a laila e neʻe i waho o ke substrate e ʻōwili pono i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni a pepa paha. He ʻano ʻōpala e paʻa ai nā mea a sila iā lākou a puni ke substrate.

Hoʻohana nā ʻano ʻelua i kahi substrate ma ke ʻano he kumu, i kapa ʻia hoʻi he substrate packaging a i ʻole ka card packaging. ʻO kona ʻano, he ʻano moakaka ka ʻōpala, e hiki ai i nā mea hoʻohana ke ʻike maopopo i ke ʻano o ka mea. I ka manawa like, hiki ke paʻi ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona nani a me nā kuhikuhi huahana ma ka substrate no ka hōʻike maʻalahi a me ka hoʻohana. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma waena o ka pepa kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me ka substrate a ʻaʻole i hōʻino maʻalahi i ka wā o ka halihali a me ke kūʻai aku. ʻAʻole hiki i kēia ʻano hoʻopili ke pale wale i nā mea a hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa mālama, akā he kuleana hoʻi i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā huahana kūhelu a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kūʻai aku. Ma ka mākeke, hoʻohana nui ʻia ia no nā mea hoʻopili me nā ʻano paʻakikī i palupalu ma muli o ke kaomi. ʻO nā mea e like me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ka meaʻai, nā mea hoʻonani, nā mea kākau, nā mea hana lako liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻāpana mīkini, a me nā mea pāʻani, nā makana, nā mea hoʻonaninani a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ka mea maʻamau i nā mākeke i koho ponoʻī ʻia a me nā hale kūʻai kūʻai.

Mai ka manaʻo o ka hoʻopili ʻana nā mea hana, no ke ʻano like nā ʻano ʻelua o ka hoʻopili ʻana, akā ʻo kā lākou mau loina a me nā hana a me ke kaʻina hana hoʻopili he mau ʻano ponoʻī ko lākou.

1.Nā kiko maʻamau ma waena o ka blister ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻili

D. Ma keʻano laulā, ua moakāka ka ʻōpala i hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā mea o loko a hiki ke kau ʻia a hōʻike ʻia.

2.hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā mea me nā ʻano paʻakikī a hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā mea i nā hui a i ʻole me nā ʻāpana he nui.

Ma waho o ka hoʻopili ʻana, ka hana lima

3.Ma o ke ʻano o ka substrate a me ka paʻi nani, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka hopena hoʻolaha o ka huahana.

@Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea ʻē aʻenā lako hoʻopili baklava nā ʻano hana, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai hoʻopili, kiʻekiʻe ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana, a haʻahaʻa ka pono o ka hoʻopili ʻana 2. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka hoʻopili blister a me ka hoʻopili ʻili

Palekana huahana D. Loaʻa i ka ʻōpala blister nā waiwai pale a hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka vacuum. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i ke kino ke hoʻokō i ka hana 2-pack. He maʻalahi ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka ʻōpala blister i ka automation a i ʻole ka hana laina hōʻuluʻulu, akā pono ia e hoʻololi i nā ʻōmole. He kūpono ia no ka hana ʻōpala liʻiliʻi a me ka nui. He paʻakikī ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka ʻōpala ʻili i ka automation a i ʻole ka hana laina hōʻuluʻulu, a haʻahaʻa ka pono hana. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pono ia e hoʻololi i nā ʻōmole a kūpono ia no ka hana ʻōpala like ʻole a me ka nui.

3Ke kumukūʻai hoʻopili. He pipiʻi iki nā mea hoʻopili a me nā lako hoʻopili o ka hoʻopili blister. No nā mea nui a kaumaha me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai ma muli o ka pono e hana i nā ʻōmole. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻopili ʻili, akā koi ʻia ka hana hou aku a ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai i ka hana ʻana i nā hoʻopili nui.

4.hopena hoʻopili. ʻOi aku ka nani o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka blister a hiki ke hoʻonui i ka waiwai o ka huahana. ʻOi aku ka ʻino o ke ʻano o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻili ma muli o nā lua liʻiliʻi no ka vacuuming ma luna o ka substrate.

No laila, kūpono ka ʻōpala blister no nā nui nui, nā mea liʻiliʻi, a me nā mea ʻaʻole pono nā waiwai pale maikaʻi. Kūpono ka ʻōpala ʻili no nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi o nā mea me nā ʻano paʻakikī e hōʻino maʻalahi i ka wā o ke kaʻapuni ʻana a ʻaʻole pono nā waiwai pale.

 

Ua hoʻohana mua ʻia nā ʻōpala blister no nā ʻōpala lāʻau lapaʻau. I mea e lanakila ai i ka pilikia o ka lawe ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i loko o nā ʻōmole aniani, nā ʻōmole plastik a me nā ʻōmole ʻē aʻe, ua puka mai nā ʻōpala blister i nā makahiki 1950 a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia. Ma hope o ka noiʻi hohonu a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻana i nā mea ʻōpala blister, nā kaʻina hana a me nā mīkini, ua holomua nui ia ma ke ʻano o ka maikaʻi o ka ʻōpala, ka wikiwiki o ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻokele waiwai. I kēia mau lā, me ka ʻōpala ʻana i nā papa lāʻau lapaʻau, nā capsules a me nā suppositories, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia hoʻi i ka ʻōpala ʻana i ka meaʻai, nā mea pono o kēlā me kēia lā a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Hiki i ka ʻōpala blister ke pale i nā mea mai ka makū, ka lepo, ka haumia, ka ʻaihue a me ka hōʻino ʻia, hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa mālama o nā waiwai, a he moakāka me nā kuhikuhi no ka hoʻohana ʻana i paʻi ʻia ma ka substrate, e hāʻawi ana i ka maʻalahi i nā mea kūʻai. Hoʻopili ʻia ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma kahi substrate foil alumini e like me ka nui. ʻO ka inoa o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, nā kuhikuhi lawe ʻana a me nā ʻike ʻē aʻe i paʻi ʻia ma ke kua o ka foil alumini. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he ʻōpala PTP (press through pack) ma waho a ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he ʻōpala press-through ma Kina no ka mea i ka wā e lawe ai, ua kaomi ʻia me ka lima. Me ka blister, hiki ke lawe ʻia ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma o ka foil alumini o ke kua, a i ʻole e hoʻokomo pololei ʻia i loko o ka waha e pale aku i ka haumia. ʻO kekahi mau mea liʻiliʻi e like me nā peni ballpoint, nā pahi, nā mea hoʻonani, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ka ʻōpala blister me ke kua pepa. Hiki ke hana ʻia ke kua i loko o ke ʻano kau a kau ʻia ma ka papa, he mea maopopo loa ia a he kuleana kona i ka hoʻonani a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana, he mea maikaʻi ia no ke kūʻai aku.