Hoʻopili nā mea kemikanā lako kīʻaha baklavakaʻina hana

ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka haku melemele, nā waiwai kemika a me nā hoʻololi kemika o nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia, ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana a me ke aʻo ʻana i nā waiwai a me nā ʻano hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa o nā mea i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana, a me ke koho ʻana i nā ʻenehana pale kemika kūpono e kōkua i ka hoʻolālā pololei ʻana i ka pack a hoʻomākaukau.nā lako kīʻaha baklavakaʻina hana.

1. Hoʻohui kemika o ka huahana

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke ʻano kemika o nā huahana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: nā ʻāpana inorganic, nā mea kūlohelohe a me nā ʻāpana hui o nā mea ʻelua.ʻO nā hoʻololi maikaʻi o nā huahana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana ka hopena o nā hopena hui o nā hoʻololi kemika, nā loli kino a me nā hana physiological o ka huahana ponoʻī, i hoʻoholo ʻia e nā ʻāpana o ka huahana i hoʻopili ʻia a me nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni. .

(1)Māhele kemika o ka meaʻai Ua māhele ʻia ka meaʻai i ʻelua ʻano: ka meaʻai maoli a me ka meaʻai i hana ʻia.ʻO ka meaʻai kūlohelohe ka meaʻai hou a me ka meaʻai ʻole.ʻO ka meaʻai i hanaʻia he huahana i loaʻa ma ka hanaʻana i nā meaʻai maoli e like me nā meaʻai, e like me ka palaoa i hoʻopauʻia, ka candy, pastries, preserves, cans, drinks, cigarettes, wine, ti, condiments, condiments food, dairy products, pickles, etc. ʻO nā meaʻai he carbohydrates, proteins, fats, cellulose, vitamins, minerals, etc. ʻO nā meaʻai hou a me nā meaʻai hou, e like me nā huaʻai, nā huaʻai, nā iʻa hou a me nā ʻōpae, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ma waho aʻe o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea i luna, ke hana pū nei i nā hana metabolic a hoʻomau. i

Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo ia i ka hana ʻana i ka biological oxidation ma lalo o ka catalysis o nā enzymes, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke hana nei ia i nā hana physiological maʻamau.

(2)ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻO nā huahana lāʻau lapaʻau nā lāʻau lapaʻau no ke kumu o ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka mālama olakino, me nā injections, nā wai, nā pauka, nā papa, nā pila, nā ʻaila a me nā lole.ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau mea hana he hui pū ʻana o kekahi mau meaʻai a mea waiwai paha.Hoʻohui ʻia kekahi o lākou me nā mea ʻano inorganic a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻonaninani i hui ʻia, e like me ka ginseng royal jelly, Yinqiao Jiedu Pills, etc., i hui pū ʻia me nā mea like ʻole.

(3)ʻO ka hoʻohui kemika o nā mea hoʻonaninani ʻo nā mea hoʻonaninani i kēlā me kēia lā i hoʻohana ʻia e pale a hoʻonani i ka ʻili kanaka.Hoʻokomo nui lākou i nā ʻaila, nā pauka, nā mea wai, nā mea ʻaila, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

He hui ia o nā mea kemika like ʻole a i ʻole nā ​​mea kūlohelohe.Kaupae

(4)Hoʻohui kemika o nā huahana electromechanical ʻO ka hapa nui o nā huahana electromechanical i hana ʻia me ka hao hao, ke kila kalapona, ke keleawe, ka aluminika a me nā mea metala ʻē aʻe, a ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou he hao a me ke kila kalapona.ʻO kā lākou mea nui he hao, kalapona a me kā lākou pūhui.ʻO ka hao he metala paʻakikī a hiki ke hana maʻalahi i nā micro-batteri me ke kalapona a me nā metala haumia ʻole.No laila, he mea maʻalahi ka hao.Eia kekahi, ma hope o ka puhi ʻia ʻana o kekahi mau ʻāpana o nā mīkini a me nā huahana uila, welded, mālama ʻia i ka wela a wili paha, paʻi a kūlou paha, e hoʻololi lākou i ke kaomi i loko o ka metala.ʻO kēia mau mea mīkini e hoʻoikaika i ka ʻino o ka metala, i kapa ʻia ʻo "stress corrosion".

(5)ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā kemika weliweli ʻO nā pōʻino kemika e pili ana i nā mea hiki ke puhi ʻia, pahū, ʻawaʻawa loa, ʻino a me ka radioactive.Wahi a ko lākou mau waiwai kemika, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i ʻumi mau ʻāpana: nā mea pahū, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, nā kinoea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me nā kinoea liquefied, nā mea puhi kūlohelohe, nā mea e ʻā ana i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai i ka wai, nā wai lapalapa, nā mea pahū, nā mea ʻawaʻawa, nā mea corrosive a me nā radioactive. mau mea.ʻO kekahi o kēia mau mea he pūhui mea ola i haku ʻia me ke kalapona, hydrogen, a me ka oxygen, he mau metala ikaika a i ʻole metala radioactive kekahi, a he mau mea ʻawaʻawa ʻawaʻawa kekahi.ʻOkoʻa ko lākou mau waiwai kemika e like me ko lākou ʻano.

 

ʻO nā waiwai kemika o nā huahana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e pili ana i nā waiwai i loaʻa i ke ʻano, ke ʻano a me nā ʻāpana o ka huahana i nā loli koʻikoʻi ma lalo o nā kūlana o ka māmā, ka wela, ka oxygen, ka waikawa, ka alkali, ka paʻakai, ka mahana a me ka haʻahaʻa. , toxicity, flammability and explosiveness, etc.

(1)ʻO ke kūpaʻa kemika o ka huahana ʻO ke kūpaʻa kemika e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o ka huahana i hiki ʻole i ka decomposition, oxidation a i ʻole nā ​​hoʻololi ʻē aʻe i loko o kekahi pae ma lalo o ka mana o nā mea o waho.Hoʻoholo ʻia ke kūpaʻa kemika e nā ʻāpana a me ke ʻano o ka huahana, a me nā kūlana o waho a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.No ka laʻana, wela ka phosphorus ʻulaʻula i ka wā i wela ai i 160C, aʻo ka phosphorus melemele e maʻalahi i ka oxidized a hiki ke puhi i ka 40C.ʻO nā mea maʻamau o ke kila kalapona a me ke kila kila he hao a me ke kalapona, akā ʻokoʻa loa ko lākou corrosion a me ka magnetism.

(2)ʻO ka ʻawaʻawa o nā huahana ʻO ka ʻawaʻawa e pili ana i ka waiwai o kekahi mau huahana paʻi i hiki ke hoʻopili kemika me kekahi mau kiko o ke kino a hoʻopau i nā hana physiological maʻamau o ke kino.ʻO nā huahana ʻawaʻawa ka nui o nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā pesticides a me nā huahana kemika, i māhele ʻia i nā huahana ʻona a me nā mea ʻona.Hiki ke loaʻa ka ʻike pili i ka ʻona ma ka ʻike pili.

(3)ʻO Corrosiveness o nā huahana ʻO ka corrosive o nā huahana e pili ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o kekahi mau huahana, i ka wā e pili ana me nā mea ola a i ʻole nā ​​metala, hiki ke hoʻoulu i ke ahi a me ka ʻōpala i nā mea ola, a i ʻole ke hoʻololi i nā kemika luku i nā mea ʻē aʻe.ʻO ke kumu nui o ka corrosion ʻo ka hoʻopili ʻana me nā waikawa, alkalis a i ʻole nā ​​paʻakai.

(4)Puhi a pahū o kanā lako kīʻaha baklavahuahana.ʻO ka puhi ʻana he hopena oxidation, maʻamau i hana ʻia e ka wela a me ka māmā.Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻehā mau ʻāpana: nā wai hiki ke ahi, nā mea paʻa i ke ahi, nā mea hoʻopau ʻole a me nā mea e ʻā i ke ahi.ʻO ka Explosiveness e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana e hoʻololi koke ai ka huahana mai kahi kūlana paʻa a i ʻole ka wai i ke kinoea, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka nui o ka ikehu ma ke ʻano o ka ikehu mechanical a hana i kahi leo nui i ke ʻano.Wahi a ke kumu, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka pahū kino a me ka pahū kemika.

 

He paʻakikī a ʻokoʻa nā pūʻulu microbial, a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻelua ʻāpana: cellular a me non-cellular.Ua kapa ʻia nā microorganism i loaʻa ke ʻano o ke kelepona.ʻO nā hua bacteria, nā ʻōpala a me nā mea hū i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ʻaneʻi, ʻo ia nā microorganism cellular āpau.Wahi a ko lākou hoʻolālā cell, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i nā microorganism prokaryotic (e like me ka bacteria) a me nā microorganism eukaryotic (e like me nā mold a me nā hū).

(1)ʻO Bacteria ʻO ka Bacteria ka laha nui loa a me ka nui o nā microorganism ma ke ʻano a pili pili i ke kanaka.ʻO lākou ka mea noiʻi nui o ka microbiology.He ʻokoʻa ka morphology o ka bacteria.Ke hoʻololi ke kūlana kaiapuni, hoʻololi pū ka morphology.Eia nō naʻe, ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana kaiapuni, mālama pinepine nā ʻano bacteria i kekahi ʻano.ʻEkolu mau ʻano kumu o ka bacteria: spherical, rod-shaped and spiral-shaped, i kapa ʻia ʻo cocci, bacilli a me spiral bacteria.

(2)ʻAʻole inoa ʻauhau ʻo Mold Mold, akā he huaʻōlelo maʻamau no kekahi haʻi filamentous.Ua laha nui ia ma ke ano.Hoʻoulu pinepine lākou i ka ʻōpala a me ka palu i nā huahana mahiʻai a me ka sideline, nā lole, nā meaʻai, nā mea maka, nā mea hoʻopihapiha, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a pili pili i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a hana paʻi.Pili.

(3)ʻO ka hū he pūʻulu o nā microorganisms eukaryotic celled hoʻokahi i loaʻa i ka nui o ka hoʻohana.Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohana i ka palaoa a me ka waina, a hiki ke hana i ka waiʻona, glycerin, mannitol, organic acids, vitamina, etc. loaʻa nā amino acids pono no ke kino o ke kanaka.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau mea hū no ka dewax petroleum, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka wahi hau o ka aila, a hoʻomākaukau i ka waikawa nucleic a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka enzyme.

Hoʻopilikia pinepine ka hū i nā kānaka.Hiki i nā mea hū Saprophytic ke hoʻopau i ka meaʻai, nā lole a me nā mea maka.Hiki i kahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā hū hypertonic ke hoʻopau i ka meli a me ka jam;ua lilo kekahi i bacteria haumia i ka ʻoihana fermentation.ʻAi lākou i ka waiʻona a hoʻemi i ka hana;a i ʻole e hana i nā mea ʻala maikaʻi ʻole, e pili ananā lako kīʻaha baklava huahana.maikaʻi.Hiki i kekahi mau mea hū ke hoʻoulu i nā maʻi i ke kanaka a me nā mea kanu.No ka laʻana, hiki i ka Candida albicans ke hoʻoulu i nā maʻi like ʻole o ka ʻili, nā mucous membrane, ka ʻōpū hanu, ka digestive tract, a me ka ʻōnaehana urinary.Hiki i ka Cryptococcus neoformans ke hoʻoulu i ka maʻi maʻi maʻi, pneumonia, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ulu nui ka hū ma nā wahi acidic me ka nui o ke kō, e like me nā huaʻai, nā mea kanu, nectar a me nā lau mea kanu.

 

ʻO ka blister packaging kahi ʻano hoʻopili e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma waena o kahi blister i hoʻokumu ʻia me kahi ʻāpana plastic transparent a me kahi substrate (i hana ʻia me ka pepa pahu, pepa palaka, alumini alumini a i ʻole kā lākou mea hana).

ʻO ka ʻili ʻili ke kau ʻana i nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma luna o kahi substrate hanu i hana ʻia i ka pahu pahu a i ʻole nā ​​​​pepa plastik, e uhi iā ia me kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni a i ʻole pepa i hoʻomehana ʻia a palupalu, a laila e haʻalele i ka substrate e hoʻopaʻa paʻa i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni a i ʻole pepa.ʻO kahi ala hoʻopili e paʻa ai nā mea a hoʻopaʻa iā lākou a puni ka substrate.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hoʻopili ʻelua i kahi substrate ma ke kumu, i kapa ʻia hoʻi ka substrate packaging a i ʻole ka pahu kāleka.ʻO kona hiʻohiʻona he hiʻohiʻona akaka ka mea hoʻohana, hiki i nā mea hoʻohana ke ʻike maopopo i ke ʻano o ka mea.I ka manawa like, hiki ke paʻi ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona nani a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo huahana ma ka substrate no ka hōʻike maʻalahi a me ka hoʻohana.Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma waena o ka pepa kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me ka substrate a ʻaʻole maʻalahi i ka pōʻino i ka wā o ka lawe ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku.ʻAʻole hiki i kēia ʻano hoʻopihapiha ke pale wale i nā mea a hoʻonui i ka manawa mālama, akā hoʻokani pū kekahi i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā huahana kūhelu a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kūʻai.Ma ka mākeke, hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea me nā ʻano paʻakikī i palupalu ma muli o ke kaomi.ʻO nā mea e like me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, nā meaʻai, nā mea hoʻonaninani, nā mea kākau, nā mea paʻahana liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻāpana mīkini, a me nā mea pāʻani, nā makana, nā mea hoʻonani a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i maʻamau i nā mākeke koho ponoʻī a me nā hale kūʻai kūʻai.

Mai ka hiʻohiʻona o ka paʻi nā mea waiwai, ʻo nā ʻano ʻāpana ʻelua e pili ana i ke ʻano like, akā ʻo kā lākou mau loina a me nā hana a me ke kaʻina hana hoʻopili i ko lākou ʻano ponoʻī.

1.Nā helu maʻamau ma waena o ka blister ʻeke a me ka ʻili ʻili

D. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻike ʻia nā mea i loko a hiki ke kau ʻia a hōʻike ʻia.

2.hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā mea me nā ʻano paʻakikī a hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā mea ma nā hui a i ʻole me nā ʻāpana he nui.

Ma waho o ka ʻeke, hana hana

3.Ma o ke ʻano o ka substrate a me ka paʻi nani, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka hopena hoʻolaha o ka huahana.

@Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea ʻē aʻenā lako kīʻaha baklava ʻO nā ala, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā kumukūʻai hoʻopili, kiʻekiʻe ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana, a haʻahaʻa ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopili ʻana 2. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka blister packaging a me ka ʻili ʻili.

D pale huahana.Loaʻa i ka pāpaʻi blister nā mea pale a hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia.Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō i ka hana 2-pack ka hoʻopili kino.He mea maʻalahi ka blister packaging e hoʻokō i ka automation a i ʻole ka hana laina hui, akā pono ia i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mold.He kūpono ia no ka hana ʻana i ka pahu liʻiliʻi a me ka nui.He paʻakikī ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻili e hoʻokō i ka automation a i ʻole ka hana laina hui, a haʻahaʻa ka hana hana.Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ia e koi i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mold a kūpono no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole a me ka nui-volume.

3 ʻO ke kumukūʻai hoʻopili.ʻOi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai o nā mea hoʻopili a me nā mea hoʻopili o ka blister packaging.No nā mea nui a koʻikoʻi me nā pahu liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai ma muli o ka pono e hana i nā mold.ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻili o ka ʻili, akā pono ka hana a ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi i ka hana ʻana i ka ʻili.

4 .hopena hoʻopili.ʻOi aku ka nani a hiki ke hoʻonui i ka waiwai o ka huahana.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ʻano o ka ʻili ʻili ma muli o nā puka liʻiliʻi no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka substrate.

No laila, kūpono ka blister packaging no nā mea nui, nā mea liʻiliʻi, a me nā mea i koi ʻole i nā waiwai pale maikaʻi.Kūpono ka ʻili ʻili no nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi o nā mea me nā ʻano paʻakikī i maʻalahi i ka pōʻino i ka wā o ke kaʻa ʻana a ʻaʻole koi i nā waiwai pale.

 

Ua hoʻohana mua ʻia ka blister packaging no ka hoʻopili lāʻau.I mea e pale aku ai i ka pilikia o ka lawe ʻana i nā lāʻau i loko o nā ʻōmole aniani, nā ʻōmole plastik a me nā ʻōmole ʻē aʻe, ua ʻike ʻia ka blister packaging i nā makahiki 1950 a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia.Ma hope o ka noiʻi hohonu a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻana i nā mea hoʻopihapiha blister, nā kaʻina hana a me nā mīkini, ua holomua nui i ka ʻōlelo o ka maikaʻi o ka ʻeke, ka wikiwiki o ka hana a me ka hoʻokele waiwai.I kēia mau lā, ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā papa lāʻau lapaʻau, nā capsules a me nā suppositories, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā meaʻai, nā mea e pono ai i kēlā me kēia lā a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Hiki i ka blister packaging ke pale i nā mea mai ka makū, ka lepo, ka haumia, ka ʻaihue a me ka pōʻino, e hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa o ka mālama ʻana i nā waiwai, a ʻike ʻia me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ka hoʻohana ʻana i paʻi ʻia ma ka substrate, e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻoluʻolu i nā mea kūʻai.Hoʻopili ʻia ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma luna o kahi substrate aluminika e like me ka nui.Paʻi ʻia ka inoa o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻōlelo aʻo a me nā ʻike ʻē aʻe ma ke kua o ka pepa alumini.Kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo PTP (press through pack) packaging ma waho a ua kapa ʻia ʻo press-through packaging ma Kina no ka mea i ka wā e lawe ai, kaomi ʻia e ka lima.Me ka blister, hiki ke lawe ʻia ka lāʻau i waho ma o ka alumini alumini o ke kua, a i ʻole e hoʻokomo pololei ʻia i loko o ka waha e pale aku i ka haumia.Hoʻopili ʻia kekahi mau mea liʻiliʻi e like me nā peni pōpō, nā pahi, nā mea hoʻonaninani, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i loko o ka pahu blister me ke kākoʻo pahu pahu.Hiki ke hana ʻia ke kākoʻo i ke ʻano e kau ʻia a kau ʻia ma ka papa, kahi mea i maopopo loa a pāʻani i kahi hana i ka nani a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana, i mea e pono ai ke kūʻai aku.