Cov tshuaj lom neeg uas cuam tshuam raucov khoom siv ntim khoom baklavacov txheej txheem

Kev paub txog cov tshuaj lom neeg sib xyaw, cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev hloov pauv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov khoom ntim, kev nkag siab thiab kev kawm txog cov khoom thiab cov txheej txheem puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom thaum lub sijhawm ncig, thiab xaiv cov kev ntsuas kev tiv thaiv tshuaj lom neeg tsim nyog yuav pab tsim cov ntim khoom thiab npaj kom raug.cov khoom siv ntim khoom baklavacov txheej txheem txheej txheem.

1. Cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom

Cov tshuaj lom neeg sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom ntim tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg: cov khoom tsis muaj organic, cov khoom organic thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke. Kev hloov pauv zoo ntawm cov khoom ntim thaum lub sijhawm ncig yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov teebmeem sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev hloov pauv tshuaj lom neeg, kev hloov pauv lub cev thiab kev ua ub no ntawm lub cev ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej, uas yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom ntim nws tus kheej thiab cov xwm txheej hauv qhov chaw ncig.

(1)Cov khoom noj muaj tshuaj lom neeg. Cov khoom noj muaj ob pawg: cov khoom noj ntuj thiab cov khoom noj ua tiav. Cov khoom noj ntuj yog cov khoom noj tshiab thiab tsis tau ua tiav. Cov khoom noj ua tiav yog cov khoom tau los ntawm kev ua cov khoom noj ntuj ua cov khoom siv raw, xws li cov nplej tiav, khoom qab zib, khoom qab zib, khoom qab zib, cov kaus poom, dej haus, luam yeeb, cawv, tshuaj yej, cov khoom qab zib, cov khoom noj yooj yim, cov khoom noj mis nyuj, cov txiv lws suav, thiab lwm yam. Nws cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb yog cov carbohydrates, cov protein, cov rog, cellulose, cov vitamins, cov minerals, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom noj tshiab thiab tshiab, xws li txiv hmab txiv ntoo, zaub, ntses tshiab thiab cw, thiab lwm yam, ntxiv rau cov khoom xyaw saum toj no, kuj tseem tab tom ua cov haujlwm metabolic thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau

Nws txuas ntxiv ua cov tshuaj oxidation hauv qab catalysis ntawm cov enzymes, uas yog, nws kuj ua cov haujlwm physiological ib txwm muaj.

(2)Cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg Cov tshuaj yog cov tshuaj rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kho mob thiab kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv, suav nrog kev txhaj tshuaj, kua, hmoov, ntsiav tshuaj, tshuaj ntsiav, tshuaj pleev thiab cov ntaub qhwv. Feem ntau ntawm cov neeg sawv cev no yog cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm ntau yam khoom xyaw lossis cov ntaub ntawv. Qee qhov ntawm lawv yog ua los ntawm ntau yam khoom xyaw inorganic lossis cov khoom xyaw organic sib xyaw sib cais, xws li ginseng royal jelly, Yinqiao Jiedu Pills, thiab lwm yam, uas txhua yam sib xyaw nrog ntau yam khoom xyaw sib txawv.

(3)Cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov tshuaj pleev ib ce Cov tshuaj pleev ib ce yog cov khoom siv tshuaj niaj hnub uas siv los tiv thaiv thiab ua kom tawv nqaij zoo nkauj. Lawv feem ntau suav nrog cov tshuaj pleev, hmoov, cov tshuaj ua dej, cov roj, thiab lwm yam. Cov tshuaj pleev ib ce muaj cov tshuaj tsw qab, xim, tshuaj ntxuav, khoom noj khoom haus, tshuaj, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom xyaw, nruab nrab

Nws yog ib qho sib xyaw ntawm ntau yam khoom xyaw tshuaj lom neeg lossis cov khoom siv ntuj.

(4)Cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog ua los ntawm hlau cam khwb cia, hlau carbon, tooj liab, txhuas thiab lwm yam khoom siv hlau, thiab feem ntau ntawm lawv yog hlau cam khwb cia thiab hlau carbon. Lawv cov khoom tseem ceeb yog hlau, carbon thiab lawv cov sib xyaw. Hlau yog cov hlau uas muaj zog thiab tuaj yeem tsim cov roj teeb me me nrog cov hlau carbon thiab cov hlau tsis muaj zog. Yog li ntawd, hlau yog cov khoom siv uas yooj yim xeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, tom qab qee qhov ntawm cov khoom siv kho tshuab thiab hluav taws xob raug hlawv, vuam, kho cua sov lossis ntswj, nias lossis khoov, lawv yuav ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv siab hauv cov hlau. Cov yam ntxwv kho tshuab no kuj tseem yuav txhawb kev xeb ntawm hlau, uas hu ua "kev ntxhov siab xeb".

(5)Cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg Cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg yog hais txog cov khoom uas yooj yim hlawv, tawg, muaj tshuaj lom heev, muaj xeb heev thiab muaj radioactive. Raws li lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, lawv muaj peev xwm muab faib ua kaum pawg: cov khoom tawg, cov tshuaj oxidants, cov pa roj compressed thiab cov pa liquefied, cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke, cov khoom uas kub hnyiab thaum raug dej, cov kua dej uas yooj yim hlawv, cov khoom khov uas yooj yim hlawv, cov khoom lom, cov khoom corrosive thiab cov khoom siv radioactive. Ib txhia ntawm cov khoom no yog cov organic compounds uas muaj carbon, hydrogen, thiab oxygen, ib txhia yog cov hlau nquag lossis cov hlau radioactive, thiab ib txhia yog cov tshuaj lom inorganic lossis organic. Lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg sib txawv raws li lawv hom.

 

Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov khoom ntim khoom yog hais txog cov yam ntxwv uas cov duab, cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm cov khoom hloov pauv tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm lub teeb, cua sov, oxygen, acid, alkali, ntsev, kub thiab av noo, feem ntau suav nrog kev ruaj khov tshuaj lom neeg, corrosiveness, toxicity, flammability thiab explosiveness, thiab lwm yam.

(1)Kev ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom Kev ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom yog hais txog kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom uas tsis yooj yim rau kev lwj, oxidation lossis lwm yam kev hloov pauv hauv qee qhov ntau yam nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov yam sab nraud. Kev ruaj khov ntawm cov tshuaj yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov khoom thiab cov qauv ntawm cov khoom, nrog rau cov xwm txheej sab nraud thiab lwm yam. Piv txwv li, phosphorus liab hlawv thaum cua sov rau 160C, thaum phosphorus daj yooj yim oxidized thiab tuaj yeem hlawv ntawm 40C. Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau carbon thiab cov hlau tsis xeb yog hlau thiab carbon, tab sis lawv qhov xeb thiab magnetism sib txawv heev.

(2)Kev lom ntawm cov khoom Kev lom yog hais txog cov khoom ntawm qee cov khoom ntim khoom uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov kab mob thiab rhuav tshem cov haujlwm ib txwm ntawm cov kab mob. Cov khoom lom feem ntau suav nrog cov tshuaj, tshuaj tua kab thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, uas tau muab faib ua cov khoom lom heev thiab cov khoom lom. Kev paub txog kev lom tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ntaub ntawv cuam tshuam.

(3)Kev Ua Xeb ntawm cov khoom Kev ua Xeb ntawm cov khoom hais txog qhov tseeb tias qee yam khoom, thaum sib cuag nrog cov tsiaj txhu lossis cov hlau, tuaj yeem ua rau kub hnyiab thiab xeb rau cov tsiaj txhu, lossis ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv tshuaj lom neeg rau lwm yam. Qhov ua rau xeb tseem ceeb yog kev sib cuag nrog cov kua qaub, alkalis lossis ntsev.

(4)Kev kub hnyiab thiab kev tawg ntawm cov khoom sivcov khoom siv ntim khoom baklavakhoom. Kev hlawv yog ib qho kev ua kom oxidation, feem ntau yog los ntawm cua sov thiab lub teeb. Muab faib ua plaub pawg: cov kua dej uas yooj yim hlawv, cov khoom khov uas yooj yim hlawv, cov khoom uas hlawv tau sai thiab cov khoom uas hlawv thaum muaj hluav taws. Kev tawg yog hais txog cov txheej txheem uas cov khoom hloov pauv tam sim ntawd los ntawm lub xeev khov lossis kua mus rau lub xeev roj, tso tawm ntau lub zog hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub zog tshuab thiab ua suab nrov hauv xwm. Raws li qhov ua rau, nws tuaj yeem faib ua kev tawg lub cev thiab kev tawg tshuaj.

 

Cov pawg kab mob me me muaj ntau yam thiab sib txawv, thiab tuaj yeem faib ua ob pawg: cellular thiab non-cellular. Cov kab mob me me uas muaj lub cell zoo li hu ua cellular microorganisms. Cov kab mob me me, pwm thiab poov xab uas tau hais ntawm no yog cov cellular microorganisms. Raws li lawv cov qauv cell, lawv tuaj yeem faib ua prokaryotic microorganisms (xws li cov kab mob me me) thiab eukaryotic microorganisms (xws li pwm thiab poov xab).

(1)Cov kab mob Bacteria Cov kab mob yog cov kab mob me me uas muaj ntau thiab muaj ntau yam nyob hauv xwm thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog tib neeg. Lawv yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog microbiology. Cov qauv ntawm cov kab mob muaj ntau yam. Thaum cov xwm txheej ib puag ncig hloov pauv, cov qauv kuj hloov pauv. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv qee qhov xwm txheej ib puag ncig, ntau yam kab mob feem ntau tswj tau qee yam duab. Cov kab mob muaj peb lub duab yooj yim: kheej kheej, zoo li tus pas nrig thiab zoo li tus kauv, uas hu ua cocci, bacilli thiab cov kab mob kauv feem.

(2)Pwm Pwm tsis yog lub npe taxonomic, tab sis yog lo lus dav dav rau qee cov filamentous fungi. Lawv muaj ntau nyob rau hauv xwm. Lawv feem ntau ua rau pwm thiab mildew hauv kev ua liaj ua teb thiab cov khoom lag luam sab nraud, khaub ncaws, khoom noj, cov khoom siv raw, cov ntaub ntawv ntim khoom, thiab lwm yam, thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog tib neeg lub neej txhua hnub thiab kev tsim khoom ntim khoom. Muaj feem xyuam.

(3)Cov poov xab poov xab yog ib pawg ntawm cov kab mob eukaryotic ib leeg uas muaj ntau yam kev siv. Lawv tuaj yeem siv los ua cov mov ci thiab ua cawv, thiab tseem tuaj yeem tsim cov cawv, glycerin, mannitol, cov organic acids, cov vitamins, thiab lwm yam. Cov protein hauv cov hlwb poov xab yog siab txog ntau dua 50% ntawm qhov hnyav qhuav ntawm cov hlwb thiab muaj cov amino acids tseem ceeb rau tib neeg lub cev. Qee cov poov xab tuaj yeem siv los dewax roj av, txo qhov khov ntawm roj av, thiab npaj cov nucleic acid thiab enzyme npaj.

Cov poov xab kuj feem ntau ua rau tib neeg raug mob. Cov poov xab Saprophytic tuaj yeem ua rau cov zaub mov, cov ntaub thiab lwm yam khoom siv raw puas tsuaj. Muaj ob peb hom poov xab hypertonic tuaj yeem ua rau zib ntab thiab jam puas tsuaj; qee qhov tau dhau los ua cov kab mob ua rau muaj kuab paug hauv kev lag luam fermentation. Lawv haus cawv thiab txo qis kev tsim khoom; lossis tsim cov ntxhiab tsw phem, cuam tshuam raucov khoom siv ntim khoom baklava cov khoom lag luam. zoo. Qee cov poov xab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kab mob rau tib neeg thiab cov nroj tsuag. Piv txwv li, Candida albicans tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau yam kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij, cov ntaub so ntswg, txoj hlab pa, txoj hnyuv zom zaub mov, thiab txoj hlab zis. Cryptococcus neoformans tuaj yeem ua rau mob hlwb ntev, mob ntsws, thiab lwm yam. Cov poov xab feem ntau loj hlob hauv cov chaw acidic nrog cov suab thaj ntau, xws li ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, zaub, nectar thiab nplooj nroj tsuag.

 

Cov ntawv ntim khoom blister yog ib txoj kev ntim khoom uas cov khoom ntim tau kaw ntawm cov blister uas ua los ntawm daim ntawv yas pob tshab thiab cov khoom siv hauv qab (ua los ntawm cov ntawv cardboard, daim ntawv yas, ntawv txhuas lossis lawv cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw).

Kev ntim khoom ntawm daim tawv nqaij yog muab cov khoom ntim rau ntawm ib daim ntawv yas lossis daim ntawv yas uas ua pa tau, npog nws nrog ib daim yas lossis daim ntawv uas sov thiab mos, thiab tom qab ntawd tawm hauv daim ntawv kom qhwv daim yas lossis daim ntawv kom nruj. Ib txoj kev ntim khoom uas tuav cov khoom thiab kaw lawv nyob ib puag ncig daim ntawv.

Ob txoj kev ntim khoom siv lub substrate ua lub hauv paus, tseem hu ua substrate packaging lossis card packaging. Nws tus yam ntxwv yog tias lub ntim khoom muaj qhov pom tseeb, ua rau cov neeg siv pom tseeb qhov zoo li ntawm cov khoom. Tib lub sijhawm, cov qauv zoo nkauj thiab cov lus qhia khoom tuaj yeem luam tawm ntawm lub substrate rau kev tso saib thiab siv yooj yim. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov khoom ntim khoom raug kho ntawm daim ntawv zaj duab xis thiab lub substrate thiab tsis yooj yim puas thaum thauj mus los thiab muag khoom. Txoj kev ntim khoom no tsis tsuas yog tiv thaiv cov khoom thiab ntev lub sijhawm khaws cia, tab sis kuj ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev txhawb nqa cov khoom lag luam thiab nthuav kev muag khoom. Hauv kev ua lag luam, nws feem ntau yog siv rau kev ntim cov khoom nrog cov duab nyuaj uas tsis muaj zog vim muaj kev ntxhov siab. Cov khoom xws li tshuaj, khoom noj, tshuaj pleev ib ce, ntawv sau, cov cuab yeej kho vajtse me me thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab, nrog rau cov khoom ua si, khoom plig, kho kom zoo nkauj thiab lwm yam khoom yog feem ntau pom hauv cov khw muag khoom thiab cov khw muag khoom xaiv tus kheej.

Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev ntim khoom cov ntaub ntawv, ob txoj kev ntim khoom yog tib hom, tab sis lawv cov hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab kev ua haujlwm nrog rau cov txheej txheem ntim khoom muaj lawv tus kheej cov yam ntxwv.

1.Cov ntsiab lus sib xws ntawm cov blister kev ntim khoom thiab kev ntim khoom tawv nqaij

D. Feem ntau, lub ntim khoom yog pob tshab kom cov ntsiab lus pom tau thiab tuaj yeem dai thiab tso saib.

2.tuaj yeem ntim cov khoom uas muaj cov duab nyuaj thiab tuaj yeem ntim cov khoom ua pawg lossis nrog ntau qhov.

Sab nraum ntawm kev ntim khoom, kev ua tes ua taw

3.Los ntawm cov duab ntawm lub substrate thiab kev luam ntawv zoo nkauj, qhov kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov khoom tuaj yeem txhim kho.

@Piv nrog lwm tuscov khoom siv ntim khoom baklava cov txheej txheem, cov nqi ntim khoom siab dua, kev siv zog ua haujlwm siab, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntim khoom qis 2. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom ntim blister thiab cov khoom ntim tawv nqaij

Kev tiv thaiv khoom D. Cov khoom ntim blister muaj cov yam ntxwv thaiv thiab tuaj yeem ntim hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev. Txawm li cas los xij, lub cev-fitting tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav 2-pob kev ua haujlwm. Cov khoom ntim blister yog qhov yooj yim rau kev siv automation lossis kab sib dhos, tab sis nws xav tau hloov cov pwm. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tsim khoom ntim me me thiab loj. Cov khoom ntim haum rau daim tawv nqaij yog qhov nyuaj rau kev ua tiav automation lossis kab sib dhos, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntau lawm yog qis. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis xav tau hloov cov pwm thiab yog qhov tsim nyog rau ntau yam thiab ntau ntim ntim.

3Tus nqi ntim khoom. Cov ntaub ntawv ntim khoom thiab cov khoom siv ntim khoom ntawm cov khoom ntim blister kim heev. Rau cov khoom loj thiab hnyav nrog cov khoom me me, tus nqi siab dua vim yog qhov xav tau los ua pwm. Kev ntim khoom ntawm daim tawv nqaij feem ntau pheej yig dua, tab sis xav tau ntau tus neeg ua haujlwm thiab kim dua hauv kev tsim khoom ntim khoom loj.

4.Cov nyhuv ntawm kev ntim khoom. Cov ntawv ntim khoom blister zoo nkauj dua thiab tuaj yeem ua rau tus nqi ntawm cov khoom nce ntxiv. Cov tsos ntawm cov ntawv ntim khoom uas haum rau daim tawv nqaij yog qhov phem dua me ntsis vim yog cov qhov me me rau kev nqus tsev rau ntawm cov khoom siv.

Yog li ntawd, cov khoom ntim blister yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov khoom loj, cov khoom me me, thiab cov khoom uas tsis xav tau cov khoom thaiv zoo. Cov khoom ntim ntawm daim tawv nqaij yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov khoom me me uas muaj cov duab nyuaj uas yooj yim puas thaum lub sijhawm ncig thiab tsis xav tau cov khoom thaiv.

 

Cov ntawv ntim tshuaj blister thawj zaug siv rau kev ntim tshuaj. Yuav kom kov yeej qhov tsis yooj yim ntawm kev noj tshuaj hauv cov fwj iav, cov fwj yas thiab lwm yam fwj, cov ntawv ntim tshuaj blister tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1950 thiab tau siv dav. Tom qab kev tshawb fawb tob tob thiab kev txhim kho tas mus li ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntim tshuaj blister, cov txheej txheem thiab cov tshuab, nws tau ua tiav zoo hauv kev ntim khoom zoo, kev ceev ceev thiab kev lag luam. Niaj hnub no, ntxiv rau kev ntim cov tshuaj ntsiav, tshuaj ntsiav thiab tshuaj suppositories, nws kuj tseem siv dav hauv kev ntim khoom noj, cov khoom siv niaj hnub thiab lwm yam khoom.

Cov ntawv ntim tshuaj blister tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov khoom los ntawm cov dej noo, plua plav, kev ua qias tuaj, kev tub sab thiab kev puas tsuaj, ntev lub sijhawm khaws cia ntawm cov khoom, thiab nws yog pob tshab nrog cov lus qhia rau kev siv luam tawm ntawm lub substrate, muab kev yooj yim rau cov neeg siv khoom. Cov tshuaj tau ntim rau ntawm cov ntawv ci txhuas raws li qhov koob tshuaj. Lub npe ntawm cov tshuaj, cov lus qhia noj thiab lwm cov ntaub ntawv tau luam tawm rau sab nraub qaum ntawm cov ntawv ci txhuas. Nws hu ua PTP (nias los ntawm pob) ntim txawv teb chaws thiab hu ua nias-los ntawm ntim hauv Suav teb vim tias thaum noj nws, nws raug nias los ntawm tes. Nrog lub blister, cov tshuaj tuaj yeem raug coj tawm los ntawm cov ntawv ci txhuas ntawm lub backing, lossis ncaj qha muab tso rau hauv qhov ncauj kom tsis txhob muaj kev ua qias tuaj. Qee yam khoom me me xws li cov cwj mem ballpoint, riam, tshuaj pleev ib ce, thiab lwm yam tau ntim rau hauv cov ntawv ntim tshuaj blister nrog cardboard backing. Lub backing tuaj yeem ua rau hauv hom dai thiab dai ntawm lub txee, uas yog qhov pom tseeb heev thiab ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev zoo nkauj thiab kev tshaj tawm, uas yog qhov zoo rau kev muag khoom