Zinthu zokhudzana ndi mankhwala zimakhudzazinthu zopangira baklavanjira

Kudziwa bwino kapangidwe ka mankhwala, makhalidwe a mankhwala ndi kusintha kwa mankhwala a zinthu zomwe zapakidwa, kumvetsetsa ndi kuphunzira makhalidwe ndi njira zowononga zinthuzo panthawi yoyenda, komanso kusankha njira zoyenera zotetezera mankhwala kungathandize kupanga bwino ma CD ndikukonzekera.zinthu zopangira baklavanjira zochitira zinthu.

1. Kapangidwe ka mankhwala a mankhwalawa

Kapangidwe ka mankhwala a zinthu zopakidwa m'matumba kangagawidwe m'magulu atatu: zinthu zopanda organic, zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zinthu zosakanikirana. Kusintha kwa ubwino wa zinthu zopakidwa m'matumba panthawi yoyendera kwa zinthu kumachitika makamaka chifukwa cha zotsatira za kusintha kwa mankhwala, kusintha kwa thupi ndi zochita za thupi za chinthucho, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zinthu zomwe zili mu phukusilo komanso momwe zinthu zilili m'malo ozungulira.

(1)Zakudya zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mankhwala zimagawidwa m'magulu awiri: chakudya chachilengedwe ndi chakudya chokonzedwa. Chakudya chachilengedwe ndi chakudya chatsopano komanso chosakonzedwa. Chakudya chokonzedwa ndi chinthu chomwe chimapezeka pokonza chakudya chachilengedwe ngati zinthu zopangira, monga tirigu womalizidwa, maswiti, makeke, zosungira, zitini, zakumwa, ndudu, vinyo, tiyi, zokometsera, zakudya zosavuta, mkaka, nkhaka, ndi zina zotero. Zosakaniza zake zazikulu ndi chakudya cham'mawa, mapuloteni, mafuta, cellulose, mavitamini, mchere, ndi zina zotero. Zakudya zatsopano komanso zatsopano, monga zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba, nsomba zatsopano ndi nkhanu, ndi zina zotero, kuwonjezera pa zosakaniza zomwe zili pamwambapa, zikuchitanso ntchito zamagetsi ndipo zimapitilizabe kupangidwanso.

Imapitilizabe kuchita okosijeni wachilengedwe pansi pa catalysis ya ma enzyme, ndiko kuti, ikuchitanso ntchito zachibadwa za thupi.

(2)Mankhwala opangidwa ndi mankhwala Mankhwala opangidwa ndi mankhwala ndi mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo, kuphatikizapo jakisoni, zakumwa, ufa, mapiritsi, mapiritsi, mafuta odzola ndi zodzoladzola. Zambiri mwa mankhwalawa ndi zosakaniza za zosakaniza zingapo kapena zinthu zina. Zina mwa izo zimapangidwa ndi zosakaniza zingapo zosapangidwa ndi organic kapena zosakaniza zachilengedwe zosakanikirana padera, monga ginseng royal jelly, Yinqiao Jiedu Pills, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zonse zimasakanizidwa ndi zosakaniza zosiyanasiyana.

(3)Kapangidwe ka mankhwala a zodzoladzola Zodzoladzola ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku kuteteza ndi kukongoletsa khungu la munthu. Amaphatikizapo mafuta odzola, ufa, zinthu zothira madzi, zinthu zothira mafuta, ndi zina zotero. Zodzoladzola zimakhala ndi fungo labwino, mtundu, sopo, zakudya, mankhwala, ndi zina zotero. Zosakaniza, zapakati

Ndi chisakanizo cha zosakaniza zosiyanasiyana za mankhwala kapena zinthu zachilengedwe.

(4)Kapangidwe ka mankhwala a zinthu zamagetsi Mbali zambiri za zinthu zamagetsi zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunuka, chitsulo cha kaboni, mkuwa, aluminiyamu ndi zipangizo zina zachitsulo, ndipo zambiri mwa izo ndi chitsulo chosungunuka ndi chitsulo cha kaboni. Zigawo zawo zazikulu ndi chitsulo, kaboni ndi mankhwala awo. Chitsulo ndi chitsulo chosinthika ndipo chingathe kupanga mabatire ang'onoang'ono mosavuta ndi kaboni ndi zitsulo zosagwira ntchito. Chifukwa chake, chitsulo ndi chinthu chomwe chimatha dzimbiri mosavuta. Kuphatikiza apo, zigawo zina za zinthu zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi zikawotchedwa, kulumikizidwa, kutenthedwa kapena kupindika, kukanidwa kapena kupindika, zimayambitsa kusintha kwa kuthamanga mkati mwa chitsulo. Zinthu zamagetsi izi zimalimbikitsanso dzimbiri la chitsulo, chomwe chimatchedwa "stress corrosion".

(5)Kapangidwe ka mankhwala a mankhwala oopsa Ngozi za mankhwala zimatanthauza zinthu zomwe zimayaka moto, zimaphulika, zimakhala ndi poizoni wambiri, zimawononga kwambiri komanso zimakhala ndi mphamvu ya radioactive. Malinga ndi momwe zimakhalira ndi mankhwala, zitha kugawidwa m'magulu khumi: zinthu zophulika, ma oxidants, mpweya wopanikizika ndi mpweya wosungunuka, zinthu zoyaka mwadzidzidzi, zinthu zomwe zimayaka zikakumana ndi madzi, zakumwa zoyaka moto, zinthu zolimba zoyaka moto, zinthu zapoizoni, zinthu zowononga ndi zinthu zowononga. Zina mwa zinthuzi ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zopangidwa ndi kaboni, haidrojeni, ndi mpweya, zina ndi zitsulo zogwira ntchito kapena zitsulo zowononga, ndipo zina ndi zinthu zopanda chilengedwe kapena zamoyo zoopsa. Kapangidwe ka mankhwala awo kamasiyana malinga ndi mitundu yawo.

 

Makhalidwe a mankhwala a zinthu zopakidwa m'matumba amatanthauza makhalidwe omwe mawonekedwe, kapangidwe ndi zigawo za chinthucho zimasinthasintha kwambiri pansi pa kuwala, kutentha, mpweya, asidi, alkali, mchere, kutentha ndi chinyezi, makamaka kuphatikiza kukhazikika kwa mankhwala, kuwonongeka, poizoni, kuyaka ndi kuphulika, ndi zina zotero.

(1)Kukhazikika kwa mankhwala a chinthu Kukhazikika kwa mankhwala amatanthauza kugwira ntchito kwa chinthu chomwe sichimawonongeka, kusungunuka kapena kusintha kwina mkati mwa mtundu wina chifukwa cha zinthu zakunja. Kukhazikika kwa mankhwala kumadalira zigawo ndi kapangidwe ka chinthucho, komanso zinthu zakunja ndi zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, phosphorous yofiira imayaka ikatenthedwa kufika pa 160C, pomwe phosphorous yachikasu imasungunuka mosavuta ndipo imatha kuyaka pa 40C. Zigawo zoyambira za chitsulo cha kaboni ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chitsulo ndi kaboni, koma dzimbiri ndi maginito awo ndi zosiyana kwambiri.

(2)Kuopsa kwa zinthu Kuopsa kumatanthauza katundu wa zinthu zina zopakidwa zomwe zimatha kuyanjana ndi minofu ina ya chamoyo ndikuwononga ntchito zachibadwa za thupi la chamoyo. Zinthu zoopsa zimaphatikizapo mankhwala, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi mankhwala, omwe amagawidwa m'magulu a zinthu zoopsa kwambiri komanso zoopsa. Chidziwitso chofunikira cha poizoni chingapezeke mu chidziwitso chofunikira.

(3)Kuwononga kwa zinthu Kuwononga kwa zinthu kumatanthauza kuti zinthu zina, zikakhudzana ndi zamoyo kapena zitsulo, zimatha kuyambitsa kutentha ndi dzimbiri kwa zamoyo, kapena kuyambitsa kusintha kwa mankhwala ku zinthu zina. Chifukwa chachikulu cha dzimbiri ndi kukhudzana ndi ma acid, alkali kapena mchere.

(4)Kuyaka ndi kuphulika kwazinthu zopangira baklavaKuyaka ndi njira yochokera ku okosijeni, yomwe nthawi zambiri imachitika chifukwa cha kutentha ndi kuwala. Yogawidwa m'magulu anayi: zakumwa zoyaka, zinthu zolimba zoyaka, zinthu zoyaka zokha ndi zinthu zomwe zimayaka moto. Kuphulika kumatanthauza njira yomwe chinthu chimasinthira nthawi yomweyo kuchoka pa mkhalidwe wolimba kapena wamadzimadzi kupita ku mkhalidwe wa mpweya, kutulutsa mphamvu zambiri mu mawonekedwe a mphamvu yamakina ndikupanga phokoso lalikulu m'chilengedwe. Malinga ndi chomwe chimayambitsa, chingagawidwe m'magulu awiri: kuphulika kwenikweni ndi kuphulika kwa mankhwala.

 

Magulu a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi ovuta komanso osiyanasiyana, ndipo amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: maselo ndi osakhala maselo. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe tili ndi mawonekedwe a selo timatchedwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timatchedwa maselo. Mabakiteriya, nkhungu ndi yisiti zomwe zatchulidwa pano zonse ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timatchulidwa pano. Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka maselo awo, amatha kugawidwa m'magulu a prokaryotic microorganisms (monga mabakiteriya) ndi eukaryotic microorganisms (monga nkhungu ndi yisiti).

(1)Mabakiteriya Mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tofala kwambiri komanso tochuluka kwambiri m'chilengedwe ndipo ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi anthu. Ndiwo chinthu chachikulu chofufuza za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kapangidwe ka mabakiteriya kamakhala kosiyanasiyana. Zinthu zachilengedwe zikasintha, kapangidwe kawo kamasinthanso. Komabe, pansi pa zinthu zina zachilengedwe, mabakiteriya osiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe enaake. Mabakiteriya ali ndi mawonekedwe atatu oyambira: ozungulira, owoneka ngati ndodo ndi ozungulira, omwe amatchedwa cocci, bacilli ndi ozungulira motsatana.

(2)Nkhungu Nkhungu si dzina lodziwika bwino, koma ndi dzina lodziwika bwino la bowa wina wopangidwa ndi ulusi. Amafalikira kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Nthawi zambiri amayambitsa nkhungu ndi bowa m'zinthu zaulimi ndi zam'mbali, zovala, chakudya, zipangizo zopangira, zinthu zolongedza, ndi zina zotero, ndipo zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu komanso kupanga ma phukusi. Zofanana.

(3)Yisiti Yisiti ndi gulu la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tokhala ndi selo imodzi tomwe timagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Tingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwiritsa buledi ndikupanga vinyo, komanso tingapangitse mowa, glycerin, mannitol, organic acids, mavitamini, ndi zina zotero. Mapuloteni omwe ali mu maselo a yisiti ndi oposa 50% ya kulemera kouma kwa maselo ndipo ali ndi ma amino acid ofunikira m'thupi la munthu. Yisiti ina ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyeretsa mafuta, kuchepetsa kutentha kwa mafuta, ndikukonzekera kukonzekera nucleic acid ndi ma enzyme.

Yisiti nthawi zambiri imavulaza anthu. Yisiti ya saprophytic imatha kuwononga chakudya, nsalu ndi zinthu zina zopangira. Yisiti yochepa ya hypertonic imatha kuwononga uchi ndi jamu; ina yakhala ikuwononga mabakiteriya mumakampani opanga fermentation. Amamwa mowa ndikuchepetsa kupanga; kapena amapanga fungo loipa, zomwe zimakhudzazinthu zopangira baklava zinthu. khalidwe. Yisiti ina ingayambitse matenda mwa anthu ndi zomera. Mwachitsanzo, Candida albicans ingayambitse matenda osiyanasiyana a pakhungu, mucous membranes, njira yopumira, kugaya chakudya, ndi mkodzo. Cryptococcus neoformans ingayambitse matenda a meningitis osatha, chibayo, ndi zina zotero. Yisiti imakula makamaka m'malo okhala ndi asidi wambiri wokhala ndi shuga wambiri, monga zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba, timadzi tokoma ndi masamba a zomera.

 

Kupaka ma blister ndi njira yopaka zinthu zomwe zapakidwa m'matumba momwe zinthu zomwe zapakidwa zimatsekedwa pakati pa blister yopangidwa ndi pepala lowonekera bwino la pulasitiki ndi substrate (yopangidwa ndi makatoni, pepala la pulasitiki, zojambulazo za aluminiyamu kapena zinthu zake zophatikizika).

Kupaka khungu ndi kuyika zinthu zomwe zapakidwa pa chinthu chopumira chopangidwa ndi makatoni kapena mapepala apulasitiki, kuziphimba ndi filimu kapena pepala lofunda komanso lofewa la pulasitiki, kenako kutuluka kudzera mu chinthucho kuti mukulunga filimu kapena pepalalo mwamphamvu. Njira yopaka yomwe imasunga zinthuzo ndikuzitseka mozungulira chinthucho.

Njira zonse ziwiri zopakira zimagwiritsa ntchito substrate ngati maziko, yomwe imatchedwanso substrate packing kapena card packing. Khalidwe lake ndilakuti phukusili limakhala ndi mawonekedwe owonekera bwino, zomwe zimathandiza ogwiritsa ntchito kuwona bwino mawonekedwe a chinthucho. Nthawi yomweyo, mapangidwe abwino ndi malangizo azinthu zitha kusindikizidwa pa substrate kuti ziwonekere mosavuta ndikugwiritsa ntchito. Kumbali ina, zinthu zomwe zapakidwa zimakhazikika pakati pa pepala la filimu ndi substrate ndipo sizimawonongeka mosavuta panthawi yonyamula ndi kugulitsa. Njira iyi yopakira sizingoteteza zinthu ndikuwonjezera nthawi yosungira, komanso imagwira ntchito polimbikitsa zinthu zovomerezeka ndikukulitsa malonda. Pamsika, imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazinthu zopakira zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta omwe ndi ofooka chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa. Zinthu monga mankhwala, chakudya, zodzoladzola, zolembera, zida zazing'ono zamakina ndi zida zamakanika, komanso zoseweretsa, mphatso, zokongoletsa ndi zinthu zina ndizofala kwambiri m'misika yodzisankhira yokha komanso m'masitolo ogulitsa.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro a phukusi Zipangizo ziwirizi ndi za mtundu umodzi, koma mfundo ndi ntchito zawo komanso njira yopangira zinthu zili ndi makhalidwe awoawo.

1.Mfundo zofanana pakati pa chithuza kulongedza ndi kulongedza khungu

D. Kawirikawiri, phukusili limakhala lowonekera bwino kuti zomwe zili mkati ziwonekere komanso zipachikidwe ndikuwonetsedwa.

2.akhoza kulongedza zinthu zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta ndipo akhoza kulongedza zinthuzo m'magulu kapena ndi zigawo zambiri.

Kunja kwa phukusi, luso laukadaulo

3.Kudzera mu mawonekedwe a substrate ndi kusindikiza kokongola, zotsatira zotsatsira za malonda zimatha kukulitsidwa.

@Poyerekeza ndi zinazinthu zopangira baklava njira, ndalama zogulira zinthu ndi zokwera, anthu ogwira ntchito ndi ambiri, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu ndi kotsika. 2. Kusiyana pakati pa kupakidwa kwa ma blister ndi kupakidwa kwa khungu

Chitetezo cha zinthu za D. Kuyika ma blister kumakhala ndi zotchinga ndipo kumatha kupakidwa vacuum. Komabe, kuyika thupi sikungathe kugwira ntchito ndi mapaketi awiri. Kuyika ma blister ndikosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito kupanga ma automation kapena ma assembly line, koma kumafuna kusintha ma fluid. Ndikoyenera kupanga ma clogging ang'onoang'ono komanso akuluakulu. Kuyika ma cloid pakhungu kumakhala kovuta kupanga ma self kapena ma assembly line, ndipo kupanga bwino ndikochepa. Komabe, sikufuna kusintha ma fluid ndipo ndikoyenera kupanga ma clogging osiyanasiyana komanso akuluakulu.

3 Mtengo wopaka. Zipangizo zopaka ndi zida zopaka ma blister ndi zodula kwambiri. Pazinthu zazikulu ndi zolemera zokhala ndi magulu ang'onoang'ono, mtengo wake ndi wokwera chifukwa chofuna kupanga nkhungu. Kupaka pakhungu nthawi zambiri kumakhala kotsika mtengo, koma kumafuna antchito ambiri ndipo kumakhala kokwera mtengo kwambiri popanga ma blister ambiri.

4.Zotsatira za phukusi. Kupaka ma blister ndi kokongola kwambiri ndipo kumatha kukweza mtengo wa chinthucho. Mawonekedwe a phukusi lokwanira khungu ndi oyipa pang'ono chifukwa cha mabowo ang'onoang'ono otsukira utsi pa substrate.

Choncho, phukusi la ma blister ndi loyenera zinthu zambiri, zazing'ono, komanso zinthu zomwe sizifuna zinthu zabwino zotchingira. Phukusi la khungu ndi loyenera zinthu zazing'ono zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta zomwe zimawonongeka mosavuta panthawi yoyenda kwa magazi ndipo sizifuna zinthu zotchingira.

 

Kupaka ma blister kunayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito popaka mankhwala. Pofuna kuthana ndi vuto la kumwa mankhwala m'mabotolo agalasi, mabotolo apulasitiki ndi mabotolo ena, kupaka ma blister kunayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 1950 ndipo kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Pambuyo pa kafukufuku wozama komanso kusintha kosalekeza kwa zipangizo zopaka ma blister, njira ndi makina, yapita patsogolo kwambiri pankhani ya ubwino wa kupaka, liwiro lopanga komanso ndalama zochepa. Masiku ano, kuwonjezera pa kuyika ma piritsi a mankhwala, makapisozi ndi ma suppositories, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri popaka chakudya, zofunikira za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi zinthu zina.

Maphukusi a matuza amatha kuteteza zinthu ku chinyezi, fumbi, kuipitsidwa, kuba ndi kuwonongeka, kuwonjezera nthawi yosungira katundu, ndipo amakhala owonekera bwino ndi malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito osindikizidwa pa substrate, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ogula azimasuka. Mankhwalawa amapakidwa pa substrate ya aluminiyamu malinga ndi mlingo. Dzina la mankhwala, malangizo otengedwa ndi zina zambiri zimasindikizidwa kumbuyo kwa pepala la aluminiyamu. Amatchedwa PTP (press through pack) phukusi kunja ndipo amatchedwa press-through packing ku China chifukwa akamamwa, amakanikiza ndi dzanja. Ndi blister, mankhwalawo amatha kutengedwa kudzera mu aluminiyamu foil ya kumbuyo, kapena kuyikidwa mwachindunji pakamwa kuti apewe kuipitsidwa. Zinthu zina zazing'ono monga mapensulo a ballpoint, mipeni, zodzoladzola, ndi zina zotero zimapakidwa mu blister package yokhala ndi cardboard backward. Backward ikhoza kupangidwa kukhala mtundu wopachikika ndikupachikidwa pashelufu, zomwe ndizodziwikiratu ndipo zimagwira ntchito pakukongoletsa ndi kufalitsa, zomwe zimathandiza kugulitsa.