Ibintu bya shimi bigira ingaruka kuibikoresho byo gupfunyika bya baklavainzira

Gusobanukirwa imiterere y'imiti, imiterere y'imiti n'impinduka mu mikorere y'ibintu bipfunyitse, gusobanukirwa no kwiga imiterere n'uburyo ibintu byangiritse mu gihe cyo kubizenguruka, no guhitamo ingamba zikwiye zo kurinda imiti bizafasha mu gushushanya neza uburyo bwo gupakira no gutegura neza.ibikoresho byo gupfunyika bya baklavainzira zo gukora.

1. Imiterere y'ibinyabutabire by'umusaruro

Imiterere y’ibinyabutabire mu bicuruzwa bipfunyitse ishobora kugabanywamo ibice bitatu: ibice bidafite umwimerere, ibice by’umwimerere n’ibivanze muri ibyo bibiri. Impinduka mu bwiza bw’ibicuruzwa bipfunyitse mu gihe cyo gutembera kw’ibicuruzwa ahanini biterwa n’ingaruka zihuriweho z’impinduka mu binyabutabire, impinduka mu buryo bw’umubiri n’ibikorwa by’umubiri by’ibicuruzwa ubwabyo, bigenwa n’ibice by’ibicuruzwa bipfunyitse ubwabyo n’imiterere y’aho bizenguruka.

(1)Imiterere y'ibiryo Ibiribwa bigabanyijemo ibice bibiri: ibiryo karemano n'ibiryo byatunganyijwe. Ibiryo karemano ni ibiryo bishya n'ibishya bitatunganyijwe. Ibiryo byatunganyijwe ni umusaruro uboneka mu gutunganya ibiryo karemano nk'ibikoresho fatizo, nk'ibinyampeke byarangiye, bombo, amafunguro, ibiryo byabugenewe, amacupa, ibinyobwa, itabi, divayi, icyayi, ibirungo, ibiryo byoroshye, ibikomoka ku mata, ibiryo bito, nibindi. Ibikoresho byabyo by'ingenzi ni karubohidrati, poroteyine, ibinure, selulose, vitamine, imyunyu ngugu, nibindi. Ibiryo bishya n'ibishya, nk'imbuto, imboga, amafi mashya n'isambaza, nibindi, uretse kuba birimo ibi bintu byavuzwe haruguru, nabyo birimo imikorere ya metabolike kandi bikomeje

Ikomeza gukora ogisijeni y’ibinyabuzima binyuze mu gukurura imisemburo, ni ukuvuga ko ikora n’ibikorwa bisanzwe by’umubiri.

(2)Imiterere y'imiti Ibikoresho by'imiti ni imiti ikoreshwa mu buvuzi no mu buvuzi, harimo inshinge, ibinyobwa, ifu, ibinini, ibinini, amavuta yo kwisiga n'ibindi bikoresho. Ibyinshi muri ibyo bikoresho ni uruvange rw'ibintu cyangwa ibikoresho bitandukanye. Bimwe muri byo bigizwe n'ibintu byinshi bidakomoka ku binyabuzima cyangwa ibintu bikomoka ku binyabuzima bivanze ukwabyo, nka ginseng royal jelly, Yinqiao Jiedu Pills, nibindi, byose bivanze n'ibintu bitandukanye.

(3)Imiterere y'imiti yo kwisiga Imiti yo kwisiga ni imiti ikoreshwa buri munsi mu kurinda no gushariza uruhu rw'umuntu. Irimo cyane cyane amavuta yo kwisiga, ifu, imiti yo mu mazi, imiti yo kwisiga, nibindi. Imiti yo kwisiga irimo impumuro nziza, ibara, isabune, intungamubiri, imiti, nibindi. Ibikoresho, impumuro isanzwe

Ni uruvange rw'ibintu bitandukanye bya shimi cyangwa ibikoresho karemano.

(4)Imiterere ya shimi y’ibicuruzwa bya electromechanical Ibice byinshi by’ibicuruzwa bya electromechanical bikozwe mu byuma bishongeshejwe, icyuma cya karuboni, umuringa, aluminiyumu n’ibindi bikoresho by’icyuma, kandi ibyinshi muri byo ni icyuma gishongeshejwe na karuboni. Ibice byabyo by’ingenzi ni icyuma, karuboni n’ibice byabyo. Icyuma ni icyuma gikunda gukora kandi gishobora gukora bateri ntoya hamwe na karuboni n’ibyuma bidakora. Kubwibyo, icyuma ni ibikoresho byoroshye kwangirika. Byongeye kandi, nyuma y’uko ibice bimwe na bimwe by’ibicuruzwa bya electromechanical n’amashanyarazi bitwitswe, bisukwa, bishyushywa cyangwa bihinzwe, bikandagirwa cyangwa bigondamye, bitera impinduka mu gitutu imbere mu cyuma. Ibi bintu bya electromechanical bizongera kwangirika kw’icyuma, byitwa "stress corrosion".

(5)Imiterere ya shimi y’ibinyabutabire biteje akaga Ingorane za shimi bivuze ibintu bishobora gushya, guturika, uburozi bwinshi, kwangirika cyane kandi bifite imirasire. Dukurikije imiterere yabyo ya shimi, bishobora kugabanywamo ibice icumi: ibintu biturika, okisidasiyo, imyuka ifunze n’imyuka yashongeshejwe, ibintu bitwikwa mu buryo bwikora, ibintu bishya iyo bihuye n’amazi, ibintu bishobora gushya, ibintu bikomeye bishobora gushya, ibintu by’uburozi, ibintu byangiza n’ibintu bifite imirasire. Bimwe muri ibyo bintu ni ibintu by’umwimerere bigizwe na karuboni, haidrojeni, na ogisijeni, bimwe ni ibyuma bikora cyangwa ibyuma bifite imirasire, naho bimwe ni ibintu bitagira ubuziranenge cyangwa organic. Imiterere yabyo ya shimi iratandukanye bitewe n’ubwoko bwabyo.

 

Imiterere y’ibinyabutabire by’ibicuruzwa bipfunyitse yerekeza ku miterere, imiterere n’ibice by’ibicuruzwa bihinduka mu buryo bw’ingenzi bitewe n’urumuri, ubushyuhe, ogisijeni, aside, alkali, umunyu, ubushyuhe n’ubushuhe, harimo ahanini ubudahinduka bw’ibinyabutabire, uburozi, gutwika no guturika, n’ibindi.

(1)Gukomera mu bicuruzwa Gukomera mu bicuruzwa bivuga imikorere y'ibicuruzwa idapfa kubora, gushonga cyangwa izindi mpinduka mu rugero runaka bitewe n'ibintu byo hanze. Gukomera mu bicuruzwa bigenwa n'ibice n'imiterere y'ibicuruzwa, ndetse n'imimerere yo hanze n'ibindi bintu. Urugero, fosifore itukura irashya iyo ishyushye kugeza kuri dogere selisiyusi 160, mu gihe fosifore y'umuhondo yoroshye kuyitwika kandi ishobora gushya kuri dogere selisiyusi 40. Ibice by'ibanze by'icyuma cya karuboni n'icyuma kidashonga ni icyuma na karuboni, ariko ingese n'ubukuru byabyo biratandukanye cyane.

(2)Uburozi bw'ibicuruzwa Uburozi bivuga imiterere y'ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe bipfunyika bishobora gukorana n'uturemangingo tumwe na tumwe tw'ibinyabuzima kandi bigasenya imikorere isanzwe y'umubiri. Ibicuruzwa by'uburozi birimo cyane cyane imiti, imiti yica udukoko n'ibikomoka kuri shimi, bigabanyijemo ibintu birimo uburozi bwinshi n'uburozi. Ubumenyi bw'uburozi bukenewe buboneka mu makuru ajyanye nabyo.

(3)Kwangirika kw'ibicuruzwa Kwangirika kw'ibicuruzwa bivuga ko ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe, iyo bihuye n'ibinyabuzima cyangwa ibyuma, bishobora gutera ubushye bwangiza n'ingese ku binyabuzima, cyangwa bigatera impinduka zangiza ku bindi bintu. Impamvu nyamukuru itera kwangirika ni uguhura na aside, alkali cyangwa umunyu.

(4)Gutwika no guturika kwabyoibikoresho byo gupfunyika bya baklavaUmusaruro. Gutwika ni uburyo bwo gutwika, akenshi buterwa n'ubushyuhe n'urumuri. Bigabanyijemo ibice bine: ibinyabutabire bishobora gushya, ibintu bikomeye bishobora gushya, ibintu bishya mu buryo bwikora n'ibintu bishya mu gihe habayeho inkongi. Guturika bivuga inzira ibicuruzwa bihita bihinduka kuva ku buryo bukomeye cyangwa amazi bikajya ku buryo bw'umwuka, bisohora ingufu nyinshi mu buryo bw'ingufu za mekanike kandi bigatanga ijwi rikomeye mu miterere. Dukurikije impamvu, bishobora kugabanywamo guturika kw'umubiri n'iturika rya shimi.

 

Amatsinda ya mikorobe ni ingenzi kandi atandukanye, kandi ashobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: ingirabuzimafatizo n'izitari ingirabuzimafatizo. Udukoko dufite ishusho y'ingirabuzimafatizo twitwa mikorobe zigize ingirabuzimafatizo. Bagiteri, ibihumyo n'umusemburo bivugwa hano byose ni mikorobe zigize ingirabuzimafatizo. Dukurikije imiterere y'ingirabuzimafatizo zabo, zishobora kugabanywamo mikorobe za prokaryotic (nka bagiteri) na mikorobe za eukaryotic (nka mikorobe n'umusemburo).

(1)Bagiteri Bagiteri ni mikorobe zikwirakwira cyane kandi nyinshi mu bidukikije kandi zifitanye isano ya hafi n'abantu. Ni zo ngingo nyamukuru y'ubushakashatsi bwa mikorobe. Imiterere ya bagiteri iratandukanye. Iyo imiterere y'ibidukikije ihindutse, imiterere nayo irahinduka. Ariko, mu bihe bimwe na bimwe by'ibidukikije, bagiteri zitandukanye zikunze kugumana imiterere runaka. Bagiteri zifite imiterere itatu y'ibanze: uruziga, imiterere y'inkoni n'imiterere y'uruziga, ari byo byitwa cocci, bacilli na bagiteri z'uruziga.

(2)Ibihumyo Ibihumyo si izina ry’itsinda, ahubwo ni ijambo rusange ry’ibihumyo bimwe na bimwe bifite uduce duto. Bikwirakwira cyane mu bidukikije. Bikunze gutera ibihumyo n’ibihumyo mu bicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi n’ibikomoka ku ruhu, imyenda, ibiryo, ibikoresho fatizo, ibikoresho byo gupakira, nibindi, kandi bifitanye isano rya hafi n’ubuzima bw’abantu bwa buri munsi ndetse Gukora ibipfunyika. Bijyanye.

(3)Umusemburo Umusemburo ni itsinda ry'udukoko twa eukaryotike dufite ingirabuzima fatizo imwe dufite akamaro kanini. Turashobora gukoreshwa mu guteka umugati no gukora divayi, kandi dushobora no gukora alcool, glycerin, mannitol, aside organic, vitamine, nibindi. Ingano ya poroteyine iri mu turemangingo tw'umusemburo irenga 50% by'uburemere bw'uturemangingo kandi ikubiyemo aside amine z'ingenzi ku mubiri w'umuntu. Imisemburo imwe ishobora gukoreshwa mu guteka peteroli, kugabanya ubukonje bwa peteroli, no gutegura aside nucleic na enzymes.

Umusemburo ukunze no kwangiza abantu. Umusemburo wa saprophytic ushobora kwangiza ibiryo, imyenda n'ibindi bikoresho fatizo. Umubare muto w'umusemburo wa hypertonic ushobora kwangiza ubuki na jam; imwe yahindutse bagiteri zanduza mu nganda zikora fermentation. Inywa inzoga kandi ikagabanya umusaruro; cyangwa igatanga impumuro mbi, zigira ingaruka kuibikoresho byo gupfunyika bya baklava ibicuruzwa. ubuziranenge. Imisemburo imwe n'imwe ishobora gutera indwara mu bantu no mu bimera. Urugero, Candida albicans ishobora gutera indwara zitandukanye z'uruhu, imitsi, inzira y'ubuhumekero, inzira y'igifu, n'urwungano rw'inkari. Cryptococcus neoformans ishobora gutera meningite idakira, umusonga, n'ibindi. Imisemburo ikunze gukurira ahantu hafite aside nyinshi, nko ku mbuto, imboga, nectar n'amababi y'ibimera.

 

Gupakira uduce duto ni uburyo bwo gupakira aho ibintu bipakiye bifungirwa hagati y'uduce duto twakozwe mu ipantalo ibonerana n'agace kabigenewe (gakozwe mu ikarito, ipantalo isanzwe, agapapuro ka aluminiyumu cyangwa ibikoresho byabyo bivanze).

Gupfunyika uruhu ni ugushyira ibintu bipfunyitse ku kintu gihumeka gikozwe mu ikarito cyangwa impapuro za pulasitiki, ukagipfukaho agapapuro ka pulasitiki gashyushye kandi koroshye, hanyuma ugasohoka unyuze muri icyo gice kugira ngo upfunyike neza agapapuro cyangwa impapuro. Uburyo bwo gupfunyika bufata ibintu kandi bugafunga ku gice gihumeka.

Uburyo bwombi bwo gupakira bukoresha substrate nk'ishingiro, nanone bwitwa substrate packing cyangwa packing ya karita. Ikiranga ni uko packing ifite isura iboneye, ituma abakoresha babona neza uko ikintu kimeze. Muri icyo gihe, imiterere myiza n'amabwiriza y'ibicuruzwa bishobora gucapwa kuri substrate kugira ngo byoroshye kwerekana no gukoresha. Ku rundi ruhande, ibintu bipakiye bishyirwa hagati y'urupapuro rwa firime n'substrate kandi ntibipfa kwangirika mu gihe cyo gutwara no kugurisha. Ubu buryo bwo gupakira ntibushobora kurinda ibintu no kongera igihe cyo kubibika gusa, ahubwo bunagira uruhare mu kwamamaza ibicuruzwa byemewe no kwagura ibicuruzwa. Ku isoko, bukoreshwa cyane cyane ku bintu bipakiye bifite imiterere igoye kandi yoroshye kubera igitutu. Ibintu nk'imiti, ibiribwa, amavuta yo kwisiga, ibikoresho byo mu nzu, ibikoresho bito by'ibikoresho n'ibice bya mekanike, ndetse n'ibikinisho, impano, imitako n'ibindi bintu bikunze kugaragara mu masoko yihitiyemo n'amaduka acuruza.

Ukurikije uburyo bwo gupakira ibikoresho, uburyo bwombi bwo gupfunyika ni ubwo mu bwoko bumwe, ariko amahame n'imikorere yabwo ndetse n'uburyo bwo gupfunyika bifite imiterere yabyo.

1.Ingingo zisanzwe hagati y'urusenda gupakira no gupakira uruhu

D. Muri rusange, ipaki iba ibonerana ku buryo ibirimo bigaragara kandi bimanikwa kandi byerekanwe.

2.ishobora gupakira ibintu bifite imiterere igoye kandi ishobora gupakira ibintu mu matsinda cyangwa hamwe n'ibice byinshi.

Hanze y'ibipfunyika, ubukorikori

3.Binyuze mu miterere y'ubutaka no gucapa neza, ingaruka zo kwamamaza ibicuruzwa zishobora kongerwa.

@Ugereranyije n'abandiibikoresho byo gupfunyika bya baklava uburyo bwo gupakira, ikiguzi cyo gupakira kiri hejuru, abakozi bakoreshwa ni benshi, kandi ubushobozi bwo gupakira buri hasi. 2. Itandukaniro riri hagati yo gupakira blister n'ipaki y'uruhu

Ubwishingizi bw'ibicuruzwa bya D. Gupfunyika udupfunyika dufite ubushobozi bwo kubangamira kandi dushobora gushyirwa mu cyuma gifunga. Ariko, gushyira umubiri ntibishobora gukora amapaki abiri. Gupfunyika udupfunyika tworoshye gushyira mu bikorwa ikoranabuhanga cyangwa gukora umurongo w'iteraniro, ariko bisaba gusimbuza ifumbire. Birakwiriye gupfunyika udupfunyika duto n'udunini. Gupfunyika dufata uruhu biragoye kugera ku gukora umurongo w'iteraniro cyangwa umurongo w'iteraniro, kandi umusaruro wo gukora ni muto. Ariko, ntibisaba gusimbuza ifumbire kandi birakwiriye gupfunyika udupfunyika twinshi kandi twinshi.

3Igiciro cyo gupakira. Ibikoresho byo gupakira n'ibikoresho byo gupakira mu gupakira blister birahenze cyane. Ku bintu binini kandi biremereye bifite uduce duto, igiciro kiri hejuru bitewe nuko hakenewe gukora ibishishwa. Gupakira uruhu muri rusange birahendutse, ariko bisaba abakozi benshi kandi birahenze cyane mu gukora gupakira ku bwinshi.

4.Ingaruka zo gupfunyika. Gupfunyika mu bisebe ni byiza cyane kandi bishobora kongera agaciro k'umusaruro. Isura y'ibipfunyika bikwiranye n'uruhu irushaho kuba mbi bitewe n'umwobo muto wo gupfunyika mu gikoresho.

Kubwibyo, gupfunyika ibisebe bikwiranye n'ibintu byinshi, bito, n'ibintu bidasaba imiterere myiza y'urukingo. Gupfunyika uruhu bikwiranye n'ibintu bito bifite imiterere igoye byangirika byoroshye mu gihe cyo gutembera kw'amaraso kandi ntibisaba imiterere y'urukingo.

 

Gupfunyika udupfunyika twa blister byakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu gupfunyika imiti. Kugira ngo hakemuke ingorane zo gufata imiti mu macupa y'ibirahure, amacupa ya pulasitiki n'andi macupa, gupfunyika udupfunyika twa blister byagaragaye mu myaka ya 1950 kandi byakoreshejwe cyane. Nyuma y'ubushakashatsi bwimbitse no kunoza ibikoresho byo gupfunyika udupfunyika, imikorere n'imashini, byateye imbere cyane mu bijyanye n'ubwiza bw'udupfunyika, umuvuduko w'umusaruro n'amafaranga ahendutse. Muri iki gihe, uretse gupfunyika ibinini by'imiti, capsules na suppositories, binakoreshwa cyane mu gupfunyika ibiryo, ibintu by'ingenzi bya buri munsi n'ibindi.

Gupfunyika ibisebe bishobora kurinda ibintu ubushuhe, umukungugu, kwandura, kwibwa no kwangirika, kongera igihe cyo kubika ibicuruzwa, kandi bibonerana hamwe n'amabwiriza yo gukoresha yanditswe kuri substrate, bitanga uburyo bwo korohereza abaguzi. Umuti upfunyikwa kuri substrate ya aluminiyumu hakurikijwe ingano. Izina ry'umuti, amabwiriza yo gufata n'andi makuru byanditse inyuma ya aluminiyumu. Byitwa PTP (gupfunyika ipaki) mu mahanga kandi byitwa gupfunyika mu Bushinwa kuko iyo ubifashe, ubikanda n'intoki. Hamwe n'ibisebe, umuti ushobora gukurwamo unyuze kuri aluminiyumu iri inyuma, cyangwa ugashyirwa mu kanwa mu buryo butaziguye kugira ngo wirinde kwandura. Udukoresho duto duto nk'amakaramu, ibyuma, amavuta yo kwisiga, nibindi bipfunyikwa mu gipfunyika cya blister gifite inyuma y'ikarito. Igice cya nyuma gishobora gukorwamo ubwoko bw'amanika no kumanikwa ku gikoresho, ibyo bikaba bigaragara cyane kandi bigira uruhare mu ubwiza no kwamamaza, ibyo bikaba ingirakamaro ku bucuruzi.