Ibintu bifatika bigira ingaruka ku ipakira ry'amasanduku y'amacupa agurishwa ku bwinshi
Ibintu bifatika ahanini bivuga ingaruka z'umusaruro ku miterere yawo mu gihe cy'ubuzima bwawo. Umurimo wo gupfunyika ni uburinzi bw'umubiri udusanduku tw'ibikapu byihariye ku bwinshi ni ugukoresha uburyo bumwe na bumwe bwa tekiniki kugira ngo birinde urujya n'uruza rw'ibicuruzwa mu buryo bwizewe mu gihe cyo gupakira no gupakurura, kubika no gutwara, kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bigere aho bijya nta kibazo cyangwa birangize ikoreshwa ry'igikorwa. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa gusesengura neza imiterere y'ibicuruzwa n'iy'ikoranabuhanga, kubona ibisabwa mu kurinda n'amakuru arambuye ku bicuruzwa, ndetse n'imiterere y'ibidukikije n'ibyangiritse mbere yo gukoresha uburyo bw'ikoranabuhanga bwo gupakira mu masanduku y'ibikapu yihariye. Gupakira ibicuruzwa.
Intego n'uruhare by'isesengura ry'imiterere y'ibicuruzwa birimo ibintu bitatu: d guteza imbere uburyo bw'ikoranabuhanga ryo gupakira bugamije kandi bushoboka; @ kugera ku buryo busanzwe bwo gupakira, kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bifite imiterere imwe bikoreshe uburyo bumwe bwo gupakira; gutandukanya ibikoresho byo gupakira, kugabanya ibikorwa byo gupakira n'ikiguzi cyo kubikoresha, kugabanya gupakira n'ikiguzi cyo gutwara. Isesengura ry'imiterere n'imiterere y'ibicuruzwa rigizwe n'ibintu byinshi, nk'imiterere y'ibikoresho by'ibicuruzwa, imiterere y'ibicuruzwa, ibicuruzwa bisanzwe, ibicuruzwa byihariye n'ibindi.
1. Imiterere y'ibikoresho by'ibicuruzwa bigurishwa mu dusanduku tw'ibikapu byihariye
Imiterere y'ibikoresho by'umusaruro ni iy'imiterere karemano y'umusaruro, kandi umuhanga mu gupakira agomba kubanza gusuzuma imiterere y'umusaruro. Ibikoresho bitandukanye biri mu kirere cyo hanze bitewe n'ibyangiritse biterwa n'ibintu bifatika, ibinyabutabire, ikirere cyangwa ibinyabuzima, uburyo bwo kwangirika buratandukanye, kandi kwangirika kw'umusaruro upakira guterwa no kwangirika kw'ibidukikije byo hanze na byo biratandukanye. Muri icyo gihe, ubwinshi bw'ibikoresho by'umusaruro butuma bigorana guhitamo ibikoresho byo gusukura, ibikoresho birinda, ibikoresho byo gupakira imbere, ibikoresho byo gupfunyika n'ibikoresho byo gupakira byo hanze.
Ubwoko bw'ibikoresho. Abashushanya ibikoresho byo gupakira bagomba kumenya uburyo ibikoresho bitandukanye byangiritse n'uburyo bwo kubirinda bukoreshwa cyane, kandi bagakoresha ubwo bumenyi bw'ibanze mu gupakira.
2. Udusanduku tw'ibiryo by'indembe twagenewe kugurishwa mu bucuruzi butandukanye Imiterere y'ibicuruzwa.
Menya imiterere y’ibicuruzwa, shushanya ipaki kugira ngo ihuze n’ibisabwa mu kurinda ibicuruzwa hamwe n’ibisabwa byihariye mu ikoreshwa ryabyo. Imiterere y’ibanze y’ibicuruzwa ishobora kugabanywamo ubukana bw’ibinyabutabire, ubukana bw’umubiri, ubukana bw’ibicuruzwa, ubunararibonye bw’ibikoresho, imiterere y’imiterere, ingano n’ubwiza, uburyo byo kubikuramo, ubwoko bw’umutwaro, ikiguzi cy’ibicuruzwa n’ibindi. 1, Ubukana bw’umubiri bw’ibicuruzwa mu guhungabana, guhungabana n’izindi ngaruka zo hanze Guhungabana bishobora kwangiza cyangwa kudakora neza kw’ibicuruzwa. Mu rwego rwo gupfunyika, isesengura ry’ubudahangarwa bw’ibicuruzwa ahanini ryerekeza ku guhungabana, guhungabana n’ibindi bintu.
Kwangirika, urwego rw'imirasire, urwego rw'amashanyarazi, urwego rw'amashanyarazi n'izindi mpande zo hanze bishobora kwangiza ibicuruzwa.
(1)Ubuso bugoye busaba uburinzi bukomeye bw'ubuso bw'ibicuruzwa byarangiye, ubuso budashobora kuvogerwa n'amazi, ubuso bw'indorerwamo bw'urumuri
(2)Gutungurwa no kuzunguruka ukurikije uko icyuma gifata imvururu kimeze
Uburinzi,udusanduku tw'ibikapu byihariyeAbashushanya ibikoresho byo gupakira bagomba gusobanukirwa neza imiterere y'ibicuruzwa, harimo imiterere, ingano n'aho hagati y'uburemere, uburemere n'ubudahangarwa bw'ibicuruzwa ukurikije umurongo ngenderwaho w'ibice bitatu, uburyo bwo gutwara ibintu, aho igitutu giherereye, aho bifatanye n'aho biterura, agaciro k'ubudahangarwa, inshuro karemano, n'ibindi.
Agaciro k'ubudahangarwa, kazwi kandi nka brittleness, ni agaciro ntarengwa ko kwihutisha ibicuruzwa bishobora kwihanganira nta kwangirika ku mubiri cyangwa imikorere yabyo, kandi muri rusange kagaragazwa nk'inshuro nyinshi z'umuvuduko w'uburemere, G. Agaciro k'ubudahangarwa kazwi kandi nka brittleness. Imbonerahamwe ya 2-1 mu gipimo cya gisirikare cya Amerika MIL HDBK 304 igaragaza agaciro k'ubudahangarwa bw'ibicuruzwa.
Uko agaciro k'ubukonje bw'igicuruzwa kaba kari hejuru, ni ko ubushobozi bwacyo bwo guhangana n'imbaraga zo hanze burushaho kwiyongera, ibyo bikaba bigomba kwitabwaho cyane mu gihe cyo gushushanya. Agaciro k'ubukonje bwemewe [G ni agaciro k'ubukonje bwemewe bw'igicuruzwa, kagenwa hashingiwe ku bintu nk'agaciro, imbaraga n'akamaro k'igicuruzwa, kari munsi cyangwa kangana n'agaciro k'ubukonje bwemewe. Mu gushushanya ipaki ifata ibintu bishyushye, uburebure ntarengwa bwo kwihutisha igicuruzwa bugomba kuba munsi y'agaciro kemewe k'ubukonje.
(3)Ubukana bw'ibicuruzwa byo hanze bushobora kwangiza cyane ibicuruzwa byihariye, ndetse n'impanuka zikomeye.
Ku bw'umwiharikoIbicuruzwa nk'ibicuruzwa biteje akaga, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bigezweho n'ibindi bicuruzwa bigezweho, abashushanya amapaki yo gupfunyika ku bwinshi y'udusanduku tw'amacupa yagenewe abantu bagomba gusobanukirwa neza ubushobozi bwabo bwo guhangana n'imbaraga zo hanze y'aho bapakira kandi bagafata ingamba zinoze zo kwirinda ibyo bipfunyika.
3. imbaraga n'ubudahangarwa
Imbaraga zerekeza ku bushobozi bw'igicuruzwa bwo kurwanya kwangirika cyangwa kwangirika gukabije. Imbaraga n'ubudahangarwa bw'igicuruzwa bigena ibisabwa n'urwego rw'uburinzi bw'igipfunyika. Ku bijyanye n'ubudahangarwa n'ubudahangarwa, ibicuruzwa bishobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu: ibicuruzwa byoroshye, ibicuruzwa by'ubudahangarwa n'ibicuruzwa bidashobora kwangirika, naho ibicuruzwa bidashobora kwangirika bishobora kugabanywamo ibicuruzwa byoroshye kwangirika n'ibicuruzwa bidashobora kwangirika. Ibicuruzwa byoroshye kwangirika n'ubudahangarwa ni byo byibandwaho cyane mu kurinda impanuka.
Guhuza ibikoresho n'ibicuruzwa, no guhuza ibikoresho bitandukanye byo gupfunyika, ni ingenzi mu gupfunyika ibicuruzwa.
Guhuza ibikoresho byinshi ibikoresho (harimo n'ibikoresho byo gupfuka) bihura neza n'ibicuruzwa, kandi imiterere y'ibi bikoresho byombi igomba kuba ihuye kugira ngo hirindwe ingaruka zifatika inzoga ikunze kugira. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho byinshi byo gupfuka bitanga amashanyarazi adahindagurika iyo bihuye n'ihungabana n'ihindagurika, cyangwa iyobyagenwe udusanduku tw'ibisugutizirimo ibintu byinshi kugira ngo hirindwe gushwanyagurika n'ibikoresho by'icyuma. Iyo izi ngufu z'amashanyarazi zigeze aho runaka, ntizishobora gutanga ibishashi kandi zishobora no gukurura ivumbi cyangwa ibindi bintu.
4. Imiterere y'imiterere n'ingingo zo gusenya bigena uburyo ibicuruzwa bihamye kandi bishyigikiwe, ndetse n'ubwoko n'ingano y'imitako iri mu gasanduku ko gupfunyikamo.
Ibice binini n'imfuruka zisongoye by'ibicuruzwa bisaba uburinzi bwihariye, kandi ingano yabyo, uburemere n'ikwirakwizwa ryabyo, aho biherereye hagati y'uburemere, nibindi, ntabwo bigira ingaruka gusa ku guhitamo no gushushanya agasanduku k'ibipfunyika kagurishwa ku bwinshi ku dusanduku twa cupcake twagenewe, ahubwo binatera ingorane mu kurinda ipfunyika. Byongeye kandi, kugira ngo byorohere gupakira, kubika no gutwara, rimwe na rimwe biba ngombwa gutandukanya ibicuruzwa byo gupakira. no gutwara abantu. Ubufatanye bwa hafi n'imikoranire hagati y'abashushanya ibicuruzwa n'abashushanya amapaki yo gupakira ku bwinshi ku dusanduku tw'amacupa twagenewe abafite ubumuga bifasha gukemura izi ngorane. Mbere yo gushushanya amapaki yo gupakira ibicuruzwa bigendanwa, abashushanya amapaki bagomba kumenya niba aho ibicuruzwa bizakoreshwa hari ibikoresho, ibikoresho n'ubushobozi bwa tekiniki bukenewe bwo guteranya.
5. Shyira ubwoko bw'udusanduku tw'ibikapu byihariye ku bucuruzi bunini
Ubwoko bw'umutwaro bivuga uburyo imizigo ikwirakwizwa ku bicuruzwa bipakiye, bitangwa iyo ibicuruzwa bipakiye. Dukurikije ubwoko bw'umutwaro, ibicuruzwa bishobora kugabanywamo ibice bitatu: byoroshye gupakira, bigoye gupakira n'umutwaro uringaniye. Ibicuruzwa byoroshye gupakira byitwa ibicuruzwa byoroshye gupakira. Bifite ingano imwe, ingano zisanzwe kandi byoroshye gupakira. Ubusanzwe, hakoreshwa ipaki y'imbere, iy'inyuma n'iy'ipantalo. Hagati y'uburemere bw'ibicuruzwa bipakiye haba hagati y'igikoresho gipakira. Ibicuruzwa bigoranye gupakira byitwa ibicuruzwa bigoranye gupakira iyo ingano y'uburemere idahuye, kandi ibicuruzwa bifite ingano idahuye ntibishobora kuzuza neza igikoresho gipakira cyangwa bidafite ubuso buhamye bwo gushyigikira mu gikoresho gipakira. Iyo ikoranabuhanga ryihariye ryo gushyigikira no gushyira ibintu mu mwanya wabyo ritakoreshejwe mu gushushanya ipaki, stress ishobora kubaho mugihe cyo gupakira, gupakira no gutwara, bishobora kwangiza ipaki. Hagati y'uburemere bw'ibicuruzwa bigoranye gupakira nyuma yo gupakira akenshi ntabwo iba iri hagati y'igikoresho gipakira, kandi agakoresho gapakira kagomba gushyirwaho ikimenyetso cy'uburemere hagati mu gihe cyo kubika no gutwara hakurikijwe amabwiriza kugira ngo harebwe ko gupakira, gupakira no gufata neza. Ibicuruzwa bipima ubunini buri hagati y’ibicuruzwa byoroshye gupakira n’ibigoye gupakira, nk’amacupa n’ibinyobwa biri mu macupa.
6. Igiciro cy'ibicuruzwa ku dusanduku tw'ibikapu byihariye ku bwinshi
Igiciro cy'ibicuruzwa ni ikintu cy'ingenzi abashushanya ibipfunyika bagomba gutekerezaho. Ku ruhande rumwe, abashushanya ibipfunyika bagomba gukoresha ikiguzi gito cyo gupfunyika kugira ngo buzuze ibisabwa mu kurinda ibicuruzwa; ku rundi ruhande, iyo igice cy'ingenzi cyangwa igice cy'ingenzi cy'ibicuruzwa cyangiritse, bishobora gutuma ibicuruzwa bitakaza byinshi, kandi ikiguzi cy'ibicuruzwa ntikizaba ari cyo kintu cy'ingenzi cyane.... Soma byinshi
Ibicuruzwa bisanzwe n'ibyahinduwe bya Kugira ngo ibintu bipfunyike neza, ibicuruzwa bigomba gushyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe imiterere yabyo. Ibicuruzwa bifite imiterere imwe cyangwa isa n'iya shimi nk'ibicuruzwa byashyizwe mu byiciro byitwa ibicuruzwa bisanzwe, kandi ibi bicuruzwa bishya akenshi bipfunyikwa hakurikijwe uburyo busanzwe bwo gupfunyika mu gasanduku k'amacupa. Ibicuruzwa bidafite imiterere imwe cyangwa isa n'iya shimi nk'ibicuruzwa byashyizwe mu byiciro byitwa ibicuruzwa byihariye, kandi ibi bicuruzwa bigomba gupfunyikwa mbere yo gupfunyika, kandi hagomba gutangwa ibishushanyo birambuye n'ibikoresho byo gupfunyika.
Ibicuruzwa byihariye byihariye mu bucuruzi bunini birimo ibicuruzwa biteje akaga n'ibicuruzwa by'ikoranabuhanga riciriritse
1. ibicuruzwa biteje akaga
Ibicuruzwa biturika, bishobora gushya, uburozi, imirasire, nibindi, kandi bishobora guteza impanuka no kwangirika kw'imitungo mu gihe cyo gutwara, gupakira, gupakurura no kubika, kandi bigakenera uburinzi bwihariye, byitwa ibicuruzwa biteje akaga. Amahame ngenderwaho y'igihugu CB6944 "Gushyira mu byiciro no gushyira ibirango ku bicuruzwa biteje akaga" agabanya ibicuruzwa biteje akaga mu byiciro icyenda.
Intego nyamukuru yo gupakira Ibicuruzwa biteje akaga ni ukwirinda kwangirika gushobora kubaho mu gihe cyo gupakira, gupakurura, gutwara, kubika no gukoresha ibicuruzwa biteje akaga. Ubwinshi bw'imiterere y'ibicuruzwa biteje akaga ubwabyo n'ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibintu bituruka hanze y'ibidukikije. Urugero, ifu y'amasasu ishobora kuba igizwe n'ibintu bitandukanye, bimwe muri byo bikaba byangiza ibidukikije. Bimwe bishobora kwangiza ibidukikije, bimwe bikaba byangiza ibidukikije, ibindi bikaba byangiza ibidukikije, ibindi bikaba byangiza urumuri, ubushyuhe, amashanyarazi adahinduka, nibindi. Mu gihe cyo gupakira, gupakurura, gutwara no kubika, ibintu bitandukanye bishobora gutera ibyago bishobora kugaragara mu bintu biteza akaga, bigatera ingorane nyinshi mu gupakira ibicuruzwa biteje akaga. Ubwoko butandukanye bw'amasasu, ifu y'amasasu na pyrotechnics mu nganda z'ingabo ni ibicuruzwa bishobora gushya kandi biturika. Ubwo buryo bwo gupakira Ntigomba gusa kwemeza umutekano w'ibicuruzwa, ahubwo no kwemeza ko bibikwa neza igihe kirekire, koroshya ingendo no gukoresha ibicuruzwa mu buryo bworoshye. Gupakira ibicuruzwa biteje akaga bigomba kubahiriza "Amabwiriza Mpuzamahanga yo Gutwara Ibicuruzwa Biteje Akaga mu Nyanja" yashyizweho n'Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Birwa mu Nyanja.
Kubungabunga.
2. Ibicuruzwa bya microelectronics
Microelectronics ni ibikoresho byihariye nk'ibice bitandukanye binini bya circuit, boards za circuit zivanze n'ibindi bikoresho bimwe na bimwe byo guhuza neza optique-mechanical na electronique. Ntabwo birwanya gusa ubushuhe n'ingese, ahubwo binarwanya shock and vibration. Binarwanya cyane ingaruka zo hanze. Ingaruka zijyanye n'imbaraga z'ubutaka. Gukingira no kurinda electromagnetic fields, electrostatic fields na radiation fields ni ingenzi cyane ku mikorere n'ubuzima bw'ibi bicuruzwa. Kurinda ibice ni ingenzi kugira ngo igikoresho cyose kibe cyizerwa kandi kibe cyuzuye, kandi ubu burinzi bugomba kuba bwuzuye kandi bwizewe. Mu gihe cyose cy'igikorwa cy'ibicuruzwa, kuva ku bice kugeza ku guteranya kugeza ku bice cyangwa ibice no guteranya ibice mu bicuruzwa, uburangare ubwo aribwo bwose mu kurinda ipaki bushobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kandi bigatera igihombo kinini.
Uburyo amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu gusohora amashanyarazi asanzwe bugaragarira mu mbonerahamwe ya 2-3. Uburyo amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu gusohora amashanyarazi asanzwe bugaragaza urwego ibicuruzwa byangiritseho bitewe n'amashanyarazi asanzwe. Ingano y'ibyago bya amashanyarazi asanzwe, cyangwa uburemere bw'ibyangiritse bya amashanyarazi asanzwe, biterwa n'urugero rw'ubwiyongere bw'amashanyarazi asanzwe (voltage ya electrostatic) n'uburyo amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu gusohora amashanyarazi asanzwe. Uko amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu gusohora amashanyarazi asanzwe ari menshi, ni ko ibyangiritse birushaho kwiyongera. Uko amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu gusohora amashanyarazi asanzwe ari menshi, ni ko amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu gusohora amashanyarazi asanzwe aba menshi.
Igicuruzwa gipfunyitse gihindura imiterere yacyo gusa mu gihe cyo kuzenguruka kw'amazi, hatabayeho gukora ibintu bishya. Impinduka mu bucucike, ibara, impumuro, gusaza, sublimation, imihindagurikire y'ikirere, kubora, imbaraga zishonga, ingufu zibira, plastike, imikorere y'ubushyuhe, imikorere y'amashanyarazi, imiterere y'izuba, nibindi byose bishobora gupimwa. Ibi byose bishobora gupimwa hakoreshejwe ibyumviro by'abantu nk'ururimi, ururimi n'umubiri, cyangwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho by'igerageza. Mbere na nyuma y'impinduka z'umubiri ku bicuruzwa bipfunyitse, ubwoko n'imiterere y'ibicuruzwa bipfunyitse ntabwo bigenwa. Aha, ahanini tugaragaza impinduka eshatu z'udusanduku tw'ibikapu twakozwe ku giti cyacu, kwinjira no gusohoka, imikorere y'ubushyuhe n'imashini z'ubushyuhe bufatanye, impinduka mu miterere y'amashanyarazi n'izuba, ndetse n'impinduka mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga (imbaraga), nibindi.
Ihindagurika ry’ibicuruzwa rifitanye isano no gushonga neza, gushonga kw’amazi n’aho biva bikagera. Gushonga neza bigaragaza ubushobozi bw’ibicuruzwa bwo kwinjiza no kurekura ubushuhe, ibyo bikaba bigira ingaruka ku miterere yabyo, nko kugabanya amazi, kugorama no kurema uduce tw’ibibyimba. Gushonga neza kw’amazi bigaragaza imiterere y’ibihumyo bishonga mu mazi yanyowe bigahinduka amazi. Agace ka hygroscopic kagaragaza agaciro k’ubushuhe aho ibicuruzwa bitangira kwinjiza ubushuhe munsi y’ubushyuhe n’imiterere runaka y’igitutu. Iyo igitutu kidahinduka, uko ubushyuhe bw’ikirere bugenda bwiyongera, agace ka hygroscopic kagenda kagabanuka, bigatuma byoroha ko ibicuruzwa byakwinjiza ubushuhe no gushonga. Nubwo bimwe mu bicuruzwa, nka potassium sulfate, potassium perchlorate, nibindi, bifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo gushonga neza mu mazi, imiterere yabyo yo kwinjiza ni mike cyane, bityo ntibyoroshye gushonga munsi y’ubushyuhe busanzwe n’imiterere y’igitutu. Hariho kandi ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe, nk’uruhu, impapuro, ipamba, siponji, kole y’amatafari, nibindi, nubwo bifite hygroscopic nyinshi, ntibishonga mu mazi bityo ntibishonga. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ni igihe gusa ibicuruzwa bifite ubushobozi bwo gushonga cyane kandi amazi agashonga neza, bishobora gushonga buhoro buhoro mu kirere gishyushye, amaherezo bigashonga burundu mu mazi. Ubushyuhe bw'ikirere bugira ingaruka zikomeye ku rugero rw'igicuruzwa cyo gushonga. Iyo ubushyuhe buri hasi cyane, ndetse n'ibicuruzwa byoroshye gushonga bifite ubushobozi bwo gushonga cyane kandi byoroshye koga mu mazi ntabwo byoroshye gushonga, kandi imiterere y'ubushyuhe buke cyane, nk'ubutayu bwumye, ntiyemerera ibicuruzwa gushonga.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 12 Nzeri 2023
