Izici zamakhemikhali ezithintaizinto zokupakisha ze-baklavaizinqubo

Ukuqonda kahle ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, izakhiwo zamakhemikhali kanye noshintsho lwamakhemikhali lwezinto ezipakishiwe, ukuqonda nokufunda izakhiwo kanye nezindlela zokuwohloka kwezinto ngesikhathi sokujikeleziswa kwazo, nokukhetha izindlela zobuchwepheshe zokuvikela amakhemikhali ezifanele kuzosiza ukuklama kahle ukupakisha nokulungiselela.izinto zokupakisha ze-baklavaizinqubo zenqubo.

1. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali komkhiqizo

Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwemikhiqizo epakishiwe kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: izingxenye ezingaphili, izingxenye eziphilayo kanye nezingxenye ezixubile zalezi ezimbili. Izinguquko zekhwalithi yemikhiqizo epakishiwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi ngokuyinhloko ziwumphumela wemiphumela ehlanganisiwe yezinguquko zamakhemikhali, izinguquko zomzimba kanye nemisebenzi yomzimba yomkhiqizo ngokwawo, okunqunywa yizingxenye zomkhiqizo opakishiwe kanye nezimo endaweni yokujikeleza kwegazi.

(1)Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kokudla Ukudla kuhlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili: ukudla kwemvelo nokudla okucutshunguliwe. Ukudla kwemvelo ukudla okusha nokusha okungacutshunguliwe. Ukudla okucutshunguliwe kungumkhiqizo otholakala ngokucubungula ukudla kwemvelo njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, njengokusanhlamvu okuqediwe, amaswidi, amakhekhe, izinto zokugcina, amathini, iziphuzo, ugwayi, iwayini, itiye, izinongo, ukudla okulula, imikhiqizo yobisi, ama-pickle, njll. Okuyinhloko Izithako ama-carbohydrate, amaprotheni, amafutha, i-cellulose, amavithamini, amaminerali, njll. Ukudla okusha nokusha, njengezithelo, imifino, izinhlanzi ezintsha kanye nama-shrimp, njll., ngaphezu kokuqukethe izithako ezingenhla, nakho kuyaqhubeka nokusebenza kwe-metabolic futhi kuyaqhubeka

Iyaqhubeka nokwenza i-oxidation yezinto eziphilayo ngaphansi kwe-catalysis yama-enzyme, okungukuthi, futhi yenza imisebenzi evamile yomzimba.

(2)Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwemithi Imikhiqizo yemithi iyimithi ngenhloso yezokwelapha nokunakekelwa kwempilo, okuhlanganisa imijovo, uketshezi, izimpushana, amaphilisi, amaphilisi, amafutha okugcoba kanye nokugqoka. Iningi lalawa ma-ejenti liyingxube yezithako noma izinto eziningana. Ezinye zazo zakhiwe izithako eziningana ezingaphili noma izithako eziphilayo ezixutshwe ngokwehlukana, njenge-ginseng royal jelly, i-Yinqiao Jiedu Pills, njll., konke okuxutshwe nezithako eziningana ezahlukene.

(3)Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ezimonyo Izimonyo ziyimikhiqizo yamakhemikhali yansuku zonke esetshenziselwa ukuvikela nokuhlobisa isikhumba somuntu. Zihlanganisa kakhulu amafutha okugcoba, impuphu, izinto zamanzi, izinto zamafutha, njll. Izimonyo ziqukethe iphunga elimnandi, umbala, insipho, ukudla okunomsoco, imithi, njll. Izithako, isilinganiso

Kuyingxube yezithako zamakhemikhali ezahlukahlukene noma izinto zemvelo.

(4)Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwemikhiqizo ye-electromechanical Iningi lezingxenye zemikhiqizo ye-electromechanical zenziwe ngensimbi ephothiwe, insimbi yekhabhoni, ithusi, i-aluminium nezinye izinto zensimbi, futhi iningi lazo yinsimbi ephothiwe kanye nensimbi yekhabhoni. Izingxenye zazo eziyinhloko yinsimbi, ikhabhoni kanye nama-compounds azo. Insimbi iyinsimbi esabela kalula futhi ingakha kalula amabhethri amancane nge-carbon kanye nezinsimbi zokungcola ezingasebenzi. Ngakho-ke, insimbi iyinto egqwala kalula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva kokuba izingxenye ezithile zemikhiqizo yemishini nekagesi zishisiwe, zishisiwe, ziphathwe ngokushisa noma zisontekile, zicindezelwe noma zigobile, zizobangela izinguquko zokucindezela ngaphakathi kwensimbi. Lezi zici zemishini zizophinde zikhuthaze ukugqwala kwensimbi, okubizwa ngokuthi "ukugqwala kokucindezeleka".

(5)Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwamakhemikhali ayingozi Izingozi zamakhemikhali zibhekisela ezintweni ezivuthayo, eziqhumayo, ezinobuthi obukhulu, ezigqwala kakhulu futhi ezinemisebe. Ngokwezakhiwo zazo zamakhemikhali, zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziyishumi: izinto eziqhumayo, ama-oxidants, amagesi acindezelwe kanye namagesi ancibilikisiwe, izinto ezivuthayo ngokuzenzakalelayo, izinto ezishayo lapho zivezwa emanzini, uketshezi oluvuthayo, izinto eziqinile ezivuthayo, izinto ezinobuthi, izinto ezigqwala kanye nezinto ezinemisebe. Ezinye zalezi zinto ziyizakhi eziphilayo ezakhiwe ngekhabhoni, i-hydrogen, nomoya-mpilo, ezinye ziyizinsimbi ezisebenzayo noma izinsimbi ezinemisebe, kanti ezinye ziyizinto ezinobuthi ezingaphili noma eziphilayo. Izakhiwo zazo zamakhemikhali ziyahlukahluka ngokwezinhlobo zazo.

 

Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zemikhiqizo epakishiwe zibhekisela ezimpahleni lapho isimo, isakhiwo kanye nezingxenye zomkhiqizo kushintsha khona ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhanya, ukushisa, umoya-mpilo, i-asidi, i-alkali, usawoti, izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama, okuhlanganisa kakhulu ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali, ukugqwala, ubuthi, ukusha kanye nokuqhuma, njll.

(1)Ukuqina kwamakhemikhali komkhiqizo Ukuqina kwamakhemikhali kubhekisela ekusebenzeni komkhiqizo okungathandi ukubola, ukubola noma ezinye izinguquko ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuthile ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto zangaphandle. Ukuqina kwamakhemikhali kunqunywa yizingxenye kanye nesakhiwo somkhiqizo, kanye nezimo zangaphandle nezinye izinto. Isibonelo, i-phosphorus ebomvu iyasha uma ishiswa ku-160C, kuyilapho i-phosphorus ephuzi ibola kalula futhi ingasha ku-40C. Izingxenye eziyisisekelo zensimbi yekhabhoni kanye nensimbi engagqwali yinsimbi kanye nekhabhoni, kodwa ukugqwala kanye nemagnetism yazo kuhluke kakhulu.

(2)Ubuthi bemikhiqizo Ubuthi bubhekisela empahleni yemikhiqizo ethile yokupakisha engasebenzisana ngamakhemikhali nezicubu ezithile zomzimba futhi ibhubhise imisebenzi evamile yomzimba yomzimba. Imikhiqizo enobuthi ihlanganisa kakhulu imithi, izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali, ehlukaniswe ngemikhiqizo enobuthi kakhulu kanye nobuthi. Ulwazi olufanele lobuthi lungatholakala olwazini olufanele.

(3)Ukugqwala kwemikhiqizo Ukugqwala kwemikhiqizo kubhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi imikhiqizo ethile, uma ithintana nezinto eziphilayo noma izinsimbi, ingabangela ukusha okugqwala nokugqwala ezintweni eziphilayo, noma ibangele izinguquko zamakhemikhali ezibhubhisayo kwezinye izinto. Imbangela eyinhloko yokugqwala ukuxhumana nama-asidi, ama-alkali noma usawoti.

(4)Ukusha nokuqhuma kwe-izinto zokupakisha ze-baklavaumkhiqizo. Ukusha kuwukusabela kwe-oxidation, okuvame ukubangelwa ukushisa nokukhanya. Kuhlukaniswe ngezigaba ezine: uketshezi oluvuthayo, izinto eziqinile ezivuthayo, izinto ezivuthayo ezizenzakalelayo kanye nezinto ezishayo uma kwenzeka umlilo. Ukuqhuma kubhekisela enkambisweni lapho umkhiqizo ushintsha khona manjalo kusuka esimweni esiqinile noma esiwuketshezi uye esimweni segesi, ukhipha amandla amaningi ngesimo samandla omshini futhi wenze umsindo omkhulu emvelweni. Ngokusho kwembangela, ingahlukaniswa ngokuqhuma okungokoqobo kanye nokuqhuma kwamakhemikhali.

 

Amaqembu e-microbial ayinkimbinkimbi futhi ahlukahlukene, futhi angahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: amaseli kanye nalawo angewona amaseli. Ama-microorganisms anesimo seseli abizwa ngokuthi ama-microorganisms eseli. Ama-bacteria, isikhunta kanye nemvubelo okukhulunywe ngawo lapha konke kuyi-microorganisms eseli. Ngokwesakhiwo samaseli awo, angahlukaniswa abe ama-prokaryotic microorganisms (njengama-bacteria) kanye nama-eukaryotic microorganisms (njengesikhunta kanye nemvubelo).

(1)Amabhaktheriya Amabhaktheriya ayizinto eziphilayo ezisakazeke kakhulu futhi eziningi kakhulu emvelweni futhi ahlobene eduze nabantu. Yizinto eziyinhloko zocwaningo lwe-microbiology. Ukwakheka kwamabhaktheriya kuyahlukahluka. Lapho izimo zemvelo zishintsha, ukwakheka kwawo kuyashintsha. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zemvelo, amabhaktheriya ahlukahlukene avame ukugcina isimo esithile. Amabhaktheriya anezimo ezintathu eziyisisekelo: eziyindilinga, ezimise okwenduku kanye nezimise okwesiyingi, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-cocci, ama-bacilli kanye nama-spiral bacteria ngokulandelana.

(2)Isikhunta Isikhunta akulona igama elisetshenziswa njenge-taxonomic, kodwa igama elijwayelekile lesikhunta esithile esine-filamentous. Sisakazeke kabanzi emvelweni. Sivame ukubangela isikhunta kanye ne-mold emikhiqizweni yezolimo neye-sideline, izingubo, ukudla, izinto zokusetshenziswa, izinto zokupakisha, njll., futhi sihlobene kakhulu nokuphila kwabantu kwansuku zonke kanye ukukhiqizwa kokupakisha. Okuhlobene.

(3)Imvubelo Imvubelo iyiqembu lama-microorganisms eukaryotic aqukethe iseli elilodwa anezindlela eziningi zokusetshenziswa. Angasetshenziswa ukubilisa isinkwa nokwenza iwayini, futhi angakhiqiza notshwala, i-glycerin, i-mannitol, ama-organic acid, amavithamini, njll. Okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni kumaseli emvubelo kuphakeme ngaphezu kwama-50% wesisindo esomile samaseli futhi kuqukethe ama-amino acid abalulekile emzimbeni womuntu. Amanye ama-yeast angasetshenziswa ukuxova i-petroleum, ukwehlisa izinga lokubanda kwe-petroleum, nokulungisa amalungiselelo e-nucleic acid kanye nama-enzyme.

Imvubelo ivame ukubangela ukulimala kubantu. Imvubelo ye-saprophytic ingonakala ukudla, izindwangu kanye nezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa. Inani elincane lemvubelo ye-hypertonic ingonakala uju kanye nejamu; ezinye sezingcolisa amagciwane embonini yokubilisa. Ziphuza utshwala futhi zinciphisa umkhiqizo; noma zikhiqize iphunga elibi, elithintaizinto zokupakisha ze-baklava imikhiqizo. ikhwalithi. Imvubelo ethile ingadala izifo kubantu nasezitshalweni. Isibonelo, ama-Candida albicans angabangela izifo ezahlukahlukene zesikhumba, ulwelwesi lwamafinyila, umgudu wokuphefumula, umgudu wokugaya ukudla, kanye nohlelo lomchamo. Ama-Cryptococcus neoformans angabangela i-meningitis engapheli, i-pneumonia, njll. Imvubelo ikhula kakhulu ezindaweni ezine-acidic enokuqukethwe okuphezulu koshukela, njengasezithelweni, emifino, e-nectar kanye namaqabunga ezitshalo.

 

Ukupakisha ama-blister kuyindlela yokupakisha lapho izinto ezipakishiwe zivalwa khona phakathi kwe-blister eyakhiwe ngepulasitiki ecacile kanye ne-substrate (eyenziwe ngekhadibhodi, ipulasitiki, i-aluminium foil noma izinto zazo ezihlanganisiwe).

Ukupakisha isikhumba kuwukubeka izinto ezipakishiwe endaweni ephefumulayo eyenziwe ngekhadibhodi noma amashidi epulasitiki, uyimboze ngefilimu noma ishidi lepulasitiki elifudumele nelithambile, bese uphuma nge-substrate ukuze ugoqe ifilimu noma ishidi ngokuqinile. Indlela yokupakisha ebamba izinto futhi izivale eduze kwe-substrate.

Zombili izindlela zokupakisha zisebenzisa i-substrate njengesisekelo, ebizwa nangokuthi i-substrate packing noma i-card packing. Isici sayo ukuthi i-packing inokubukeka okusobala, okuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi babone ngokucacile ukubukeka kwento. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaphethini amahle kanye nemiyalelo yomkhiqizo kungaphrintwa ku-substrate ukuze kube lula ukuboniswa nokusetshenziswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinto ezipakishiwe ziqiniswe phakathi kweshidi lefilimu ne-substrate futhi azonakaliswa kalula ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa nokuthengiswa. Le ndlela yokupakisha ayikwazi ukuvikela izinto kuphela futhi yandise isikhathi sokugcina, kodwa futhi idlala indima ekukhuthazeni imikhiqizo esemthethweni kanye nokwandisa ukuthengisa. Emakethe, isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukupakisha izinto ezinezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezibuthakathaka ngenxa yengcindezi. Izinto ezifana nemithi, ukudla, izimonyo, izinto zokubhala, amathuluzi amancane ehadiwe kanye nezingxenye zemishini, kanye namathoyizi, izipho, imihlobiso nezinye izinto zivame kakhulu ezimakethe ezizikhethele zona kanye nezitolo zokuthengisa.

Ngokombono wokupakisha Izinto zokwakha, izindlela ezimbili zokupakisha zingezohlobo olufanayo, kodwa izimiso nemisebenzi yazo kanye nenqubo yokupakisha kunezici zazo.

1.Amaphuzu avamile phakathi kwe-blister ukupakishwa kanye nokupakishwa kwesikhumba

D. Ngokuvamile, ukupakishwa kusobala ukuze okuqukethwe kubonakale futhi kuphanyekwe futhi kukhonjiswe.

2.ingapakisha izinto ezinezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ingapakisha izinto ngamaqembu noma ngezingxenye eziningi.

Ngaphandle kokupakisha, ubuciko

3.Ngokuma kwe-substrate kanye nokunyathelisa okuhle kakhulu, umphumela wokukhushulwa komkhiqizo ungathuthukiswa.

@Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinyeizinto zokupakisha ze-baklava izindlela, izindleko zokupakisha ziphakeme, ukusetshenziswa kwabasebenzi kuphezulu, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokupakisha kuphansi 2. Umehluko phakathi kokupakisha ama-blister kanye nokupakisha isikhumba

Ukuvikelwa komkhiqizo we-D. Ukufakwa kwe-blister kunezici zokuvimbela futhi kungafakwa nge-vacuum. Kodwa-ke, ukulingana komzimba akukwazi ukufeza ukusebenza kwamaphakethe amabili. Ukufakwa kwe-blister kulula ukukusebenzisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-automation noma kwe-assembly line, kodwa kudinga ukushintshwa kwe-molds. Kufanelekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-packaging encane nekhulu. Ukufakwa kwe-skin fitting kunzima ukufeza ukukhiqizwa kwe-automation noma kwe-assembly line, futhi ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kuphansi. Kodwa-ke, akudingi ukushintshwa kwe-molds futhi kufanelekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-packaging ehlukahlukene neyomthamo omkhulu.

3 Izindleko zokupakisha. Izinto zokupakisha kanye nemishini yokupakisha yokupakisha ama-blister ibiza kakhulu. Ezintweni ezinkulu nezisindayo ezinamaqoqo amancane, izindleko ziphakeme ngenxa yesidingo sokwenza isikhunta. Ukupakisha isikhumba ngokuvamile kushibhile, kodwa kudinga abasebenzi abaningi futhi kubiza kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kokupakisha ngobuningi.

4.umphumela wokupakisha. Ukupakisha ama-blister kuhle kakhulu futhi kungandisa inani lomkhiqizo. Ukubonakala kokupakisha okulingana nesikhumba kubi kancane ngenxa yezimbobo ezincane zokuhlanza i-vacuum ku-substrate.

Ngakho-ke, ukupakishwa kwe-blister kufaneleka ngobuningi obukhulu, izinto ezincane, kanye nezinto ezingadingi izakhiwo ezinhle zokuvimba. Ukupakishwa kwesikhumba kufaneleka ngamaqoqo amancane ezinto ezinezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezonakala kalula ngesikhathi sokujikeleza kwegazi futhi ezingadingi izakhiwo zokuvimba.

 

Ukupakisha ama-blister kwaqala ukusetshenziswa ekupakisheni imithi. Ukuze kunqotshwe ubunzima bokuthatha imithi emabhodleleni engilazi, emabhodleleni epulasitiki nakwamanye amabhodlela, ukupakisha ama-blister kwavela ngawo-1950 futhi kwasetshenziswa kabanzi. Ngemva kocwaningo olunzulu kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezinto zokupakisha ama-blister, izinqubo kanye nemishini, kuye kwaba nentuthuko enkulu maqondana nekhwalithi yokupakisha, isivinini sokukhiqiza kanye nokonga imali. Namuhla, ngaphezu kokupakisha amaphilisi emithi, ama-capsule kanye nama-suppositories, kusetshenziswa kabanzi nasekupakisheni ukudla, izidingo zansuku zonke kanye nezinye izinto.

Ukupakishwa kwama-blister kungavikela izinto emswakama, othulini, ekungcoleni, ekwebiweni nasekulimaleni, kwandise isikhathi sokugcina izimpahla, futhi kusobala ngemiyalelo yokusetshenziswa ephrintiwe ku-substrate, okunikeza abathengi lula. Umuthi upakishwa ku-substrate ye-aluminium foil ngokuya ngomthamo. Igama lomuthi, imiyalelo yokuthatha kanye nolunye ulwazi kuphrintiwe ngemuva kwe-aluminium foil. Ubizwa ngokuthi i-PTP (press through pack) packing phesheya futhi ubizwa ngokuthi i-press-through packing eShayina ngoba uma uwuthatha, ucindezelwa ngesandla. Nge-blister, umuthi ungakhishwa nge-aluminium foil ye-backback, noma ufakwe ngqo emlonyeni ukuze ugweme ukungcola. Ezinye izinto ezincane ezifana namapeni e-ballpoint, imimese, izimonyo, njll. zipakishwa ku-blister packing ene-cardboard backing. I-backback ingenziwa ibe uhlobo lokulenga bese ilenga eshalofini, okusobala kakhulu futhi kudlala indima ebuhleni nasekusakazeni, okuzuzisa ukuthengisa.