Izici zomzimba ezithinta inqubo yokupakisha ngobuningi yamabhokisi ekhekhe ngokwezifiso ngobuningi
Izici zomzimba zibhekisela kakhulu kumthelela womkhiqizo esimweni sawo ngesikhathi somjikelezo wawo wokuphila. Umsebenzi wokuvikela ngokomzimba wokupakisha amabhokisi ekhekhe ngokwezifiso ngobuningi ukusebenzisa izindlela ezithile zobuchwepheshe ukuvikela ukuhamba okuphephile kwemikhiqizo enkambisweni yokulayisha nokukhipha, ukugcina nokuthutha, ukuze imikhiqizo ifinyelele lapho iya khona kahle noma iqedele ukusetshenziswa komsebenzi. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuhlaziya ngokucophelela izakhiwo zomzimba nezomshini zomkhiqizo, ukuthola izidingo zokuvikela kanye nolwazi oluningiliziwe lomkhiqizo, kanye nezimo zemvelo zomshini kanye nomonakalo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa izindlela zobuchwepheshe zokupakisha ngobuningi amabhokisi ekhekhe ngokwezifiso. Ukupakisha imikhiqizo.
Inhloso kanye nendima yokuhlaziywa kwezakhiwo zomzimba nezemishini zemikhiqizo kuhlanganisa izici ezintathu: d ukuthuthukisa izindlela zobuchwepheshe bokupakisha eziqondiwe nezisebenzisekayo; @ ukufeza ukubekwa kwemigomo yokupakisha, ukuze imikhiqizo enezakhiwo ezifanayo isebenzise izindlela zobuchwepheshe bokupakisha ezifanayo; ukuhlukahluka kwezinto zokupakisha, ukunciphisa imisebenzi yokupakisha kanye nezindleko zokuphatha, ukunciphisa ukupakisha kanye nezindleko zokuhamba. Ukuhlaziywa kwezakhiwo zomzimba nezemishini kanye nezici zemikhiqizo kunezinto eziningi eziqukethwe, njengokwakheka kwezinto zomkhiqizo, izakhiwo zomzimba zemikhiqizo, imikhiqizo ejwayelekile, imikhiqizo ekhethekile njalo njalo.
1. izici zokwakheka kwezinto ezibonakalayo zemikhiqizo ethengiswa ngobuningi yamabhokisi ekhekhe enziwe ngokwezifiso
Izici zokwakheka kwezinto zomkhiqizo zingezezimpawu zemvelo zomkhiqizo, futhi umklami wokupakisha kumele aqale acabangele izici zomkhiqizo. Izinto ezahlukene endaweni yangaphandle ngaphansi kwethonya lomonakalo obangelwa yizinto ezibonakalayo, zamakhemikhali, zesimo sezulu noma zebhayoloji, indlela yokuwohloka ihlukile, kanti umonakalo womkhiqizo wokupakisha obangelwa umonakalo endaweni yangaphandle nawo uhlukile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlukahluka kwezinto zomkhiqizo kwenza kube nzima ukukhetha imikhiqizo yokuhlanza, izinto zokuvikela, izinto zokupakisha zangaphakathi, izinto zokubopha kanye nezinto zokupakisha zangaphandle.
Uhlobo. Ngakho-ke abaklami bokupakisha badinga ukwazi izindlela zomonakalo kanye nokuwohloka kwezinto ezahlukene kanye namasu okuvikela asetshenziswa njalo futhi basebenzise lolu lwazi oluyisisekelo lwethiyori ekwakhiweni kokupakisha.
2. Amabhokisi ekhekhe enziwe ngokwezifiso ngobuningi Izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zemikhiqizo.
Yazi izakhiwo zomzimba zemikhiqizo, klama iphakheji ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zokuvikelwa komkhiqizo kanye nezidingo ezithile zokusetshenziswa. Izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zomkhiqizo zingahlukaniswa zibe ukuzwela kwamakhemikhali, ukuzwela ngokomzimba, ukuzwela ukumelana, ukuhambisana kwezinto, izakhiwo, usayizi nekhwalithi, ukususwa, uhlobo lomthwalo, izindleko zomkhiqizo nokunye. 1, Ukuzwela ngokomzimba ekushaqekeni, ukudlidliza kanye nezinye ithonya langaphandle Ukungqubuzana kungabangela umonakalo ngokomzimba noma ukungasebenzi kahle komkhiqizo. Ngokombono wephakheji, ukuhlaziywa kobuthakathaka ngokomzimba bomkhiqizo kubhekisela kakhulu ekushaqekeni, ukudlidliza kanye nezinye izici.
Umonakalo, insimu yemisebe, insimu kagesi, insimu kagesi kanye nezinye izinkambu zangaphandle kungalimaza umkhiqizo.
(1)Ubulukhuni bomphezulu budinga ukuvikelwa okuqinile kobuso bomkhiqizo oqediwe, ubuso obungangeni manzi, ubuso obungenasibuko esibonakalayo
(2)Ukushaqeka nokudlidliza ngokombono we-shock absorber
Isivikelo,amabhokisi ekhekhe ngokwezifiso Ukuthengiswa OkudayiswayoAbaklami bokupakisha kumele baqonde ngokugcwele izici zomkhiqizo, okuhlanganisa ukuma, usayizi kanye nendawo yesikhungo samandla adonsela phansi, isisindo kanye ne-inertia maqondana ne-axis enezinhlangothi ezintathu, ukuthuthwa, indawo yokucindezela, izindawo zokunamathisela kanye nezikhundla zokuphakamisa, inani lobuthakathaka, imvamisa yemvelo, njll.
Inani lobuthakathaka, elaziwa nangokuthi ukuphuka, inani lokusheshisa eliphezulu kakhulu umkhiqizo ongalimela ngaphandle kokubangela umonakalo ongokomzimba noma osebenzayo futhi ngokuvamile livezwa njenge-multiple of the acceleration of gravity, G. Inani lobuthakathaka laziwa nangokuthi ukuphuka. Ithebula 2-1 ku-US military standard MIL HDBK 304 libonisa inani lobuthakathaka bomkhiqizo.
Uma inani lokuqina komkhiqizo liphezulu, kulapho ikhono lawo lokumelana namandla angaphandle likhula khona, okumele kucatshangelwe ngokucophelela ngesikhathi sokuklama. Inani lokuqina komkhiqizo elivumelekile [G yinani lokusheshisa elivumelekile lomkhiqizo, elichazwe ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezifana nenani, amandla nokubaluleka komkhiqizo, okungaphansi noma okulingana nenani lokuqina komkhiqizo elijwayelekile. Lapho uklama ukupakisha okumunca ukushaqeka, ubukhulu obukhulu bokusheshisa komkhiqizo kumele bube ngaphansi kwenani lokuqina komkhiqizo elivumelekile.
(3)Ukuqina kwensimu yangaphandle kungabangela umonakalo omkhulu emikhiqizweni ekhethekile, ngisho nezingozi ezinkulu.
Okwekhethekileimikhiqizo efana nezimpahla eziyingozi, izinto zikagesi ezinembile kanye neminye imikhiqizo yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, abaklami bokupakisha ngobuningi bamabhokisi ekhekhe enziwe ngokwezifiso kumele baqonde ngokugcwele ukuzwela kwabo emandleni ensimu yangaphandle futhi bathathe izinyathelo zokuvikela ezisebenzayo zokupakisha.
3. amandla kanye nobuthakathaka
Amandla abhekisela ekhonweni lomkhiqizo lokumelana nokuguquguquka noma ukuphuka ngokweqile. Amandla kanye nobuthakathaka bomkhiqizo kunquma izidingo kanye nezinga lokuvikelwa kwephakheji. Ngokuphathelene namandla kanye nobuthakathaka, imikhiqizo ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: imikhiqizo ebuthakathaka, imikhiqizo enembile kanye nemikhiqizo ephikisayo, kanti imikhiqizo ephikisayo ingahlukaniswa ibe imikhiqizo eguquguqukayo nemelana nokuqina. Imikhiqizo ebuthakathaka kanye nokunemba yiyona nto ebaluleke kakhulu ekuvikelweni kwe-shock absorber.
Ukuhambisana kwezinto zokwakha kanye nemikhiqizo, kanye nokuhambisana kwezinto zokwakha ezahlukene, kubalulekile ekupakisheni umkhiqizo.
Ukuhambisana kwezinto ezibonakalayo Ukupakisha okuningi izinto zokwakha (kufaka phakathi izinto zokwakha) zithintana ngqo nomkhiqizo, futhi izakhiwo zomzimba zezinto ezimbili kumele zihambisane ukuze kugwenywe umphumela ovame ukuba nawo utshwala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto eziningi zokwakha zikhiqiza ugesi ongashintshi lapho zihlaselwa ukushaqeka nokudlidliza, noma laphongokwezifiso amabhokisi ekhekhezigcwele ngobuningi ukuze kugwenywe ukungqubuzana nezinto zensimbi. Uma lawa mashaja kagesi akhula aze afike endaweni ethile, awakwazi ukukhiqiza izinhlansi futhi angadonsela uthuli noma ezinye izinto.
4. izici zesakhiwo kanye namaphuzu okuqaqa anquma ukuthi umkhiqizo uqiniswe futhi usekelwa kanjani, kanye nohlobo kanye nenani lamakhushini ebhokisini lokupakisha.
Izingxenye eziqinile kanye namakhona abukhali omkhiqizo adinga ukuvikelwa okukhethekile, futhi ubukhulu bawo, isisindo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwawo, isikhungo samandla adonsela phansi, njll. akugcini nje ngokuthonya ukukhethwa kanye nokwakheka kwesitsha sokupakisha esithengiswa ngobuningi samabhokisi ekhekhe ngokwezifiso, kodwa futhi kuholela ebunzimeni ekuvikeleni ukupakisha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze kube lula ukupakisha, ukugcina kanye nokuthuthwa, ngezinye izikhathi kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa umkhiqizo wokupakisha. kanye nezokuthutha. Ukubambisana okuseduze kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwabaklami bomkhiqizo kanye nabaklami bokupakisha ngobuningi kwamabhokisi ekhekhe enziwe ngokwezifiso kusiza ukuxazulula lezi zinkinga. Ngaphambi kokuklama ukupakisha kwemikhiqizo yeselula, abaklami bokupakisha kudingeka bazi ukuthi indawo lapho umkhiqizo uzosetshenziswa khona inamathuluzi adingekayo, imishini kanye namandla obuchwepheshe okuhlanganisa ukukhiqiza.
5. Uhlobo lokulayisha lwamabhokisi ekhekhe elenziwe ngokwezifiso ngobuningi
Uhlobo lomthwalo lubhekisela ekusatshalalisweni komthwalo kumkhiqizo opakishiwe, okhiqizwa lapho umkhiqizo upakishiwe. Ngokohlobo lomthwalo, imikhiqizo ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: okulula ukulayisha, okunzima ukulayisha kanye nomthwalo ophakathi. Imikhiqizo elula ukulayisha ibizwa ngokuthi imikhiqizo elula ukulayisha. Inokusabalalisa kobuningi obufanayo, osayizi abajwayelekile futhi kulula ukupakisha. Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa ukupakisha kwangaphakathi, kwangaphandle kanye nephalethi. Isikhungo sokudonsa komkhiqizo opakishiwe sisesikhungweni sejometri yesitsha sokupakisha. Imikhiqizo enzima ukulayisha ibizwa ngokuthi imikhiqizo enzima ukulayisha uma ukusatshalaliswa kobuningi kungalingani, futhi imikhiqizo enobukhulu obungajwayelekile ayikwazi ukugcwalisa ngokuphelele isitsha sokupakisha noma ingenawo umphezulu wokusekela ochaziwe esitsheni sokupakisha. Uma ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile bokusekela kanye nokubeka bungasetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kokupakisha, ukugxila kokucindezeleka kungenzeka ngesikhathi sokulayisha, ukulayisha kanye nokuthuthwa, okungalimaza iphakheji. Isikhungo sokudonsa kwemikhiqizo okunzima ukulayisha ngemuva kokupakisha ngokuvamile asikho esikhungweni sejometri sesitsha sokupakisha, futhi isitsha sokupakisha kumele siphawulwe ngesithonjana sesikhungo sokudonsa ngesikhathi sokugcina kanye nokuthuthwa ngokuhambisana nemithetho ukuqinisekisa ukulayisha, ukulayisha kanye nokuphatha okuphephile. Izimpahla ezinesisindo esimaphakathi ziphakathi kwezimpahla ezilula ukuzilayisha nezinzima ukuzilayisha, njengezitini neziphuzo ezisemabhodleleni.
6. Izindleko zomkhiqizo zamabhokisi ekhekhe enziwe ngokwezifiso ngobuningi
Izindleko zomkhiqizo ziyipharamitha ebalulekile yokuklama okufanele abaklami bokupakisha bayicabangele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abaklami bokupakisha badinga ukusebenzisa izindleko zokupakisha eziphansi kakhulu ukuze bahlangabezane nezidingo zokuvikela umkhiqizo; ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ingxenye ebalulekile yomkhiqizo yonakele, kungabangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu komkhiqizo, futhi izindleko zomkhiqizo ngeke zisaba yisici esibaluleke kakhulu.... Funda kabanzi
imikhiqizo ejwayelekile neyilungiselelwe wena Ukuze kukhuliswe ukubekwa okujwayelekile kokupakishwa, imikhiqizo kufanele ihlukaniswe ngezici zomzimba. Imikhiqizo enezici zomzimba nezimakhemikhali ezifanayo noma ezifanayo njengemikhiqizo ehlukaniswe ngezigaba ibizwa ngokuthi imikhiqizo ejwayelekile, futhi le mikhiqizo emisha ivame ukupakishwa ngokwezindlela ezivamile zokupakisha ibhokisi lamakhekhe elenziwe ngokwezifiso. Imikhiqizo engenazo izici zomzimba nezimakhemikhali ezifanayo noma ezifanayo njengemikhiqizo ehlukaniswe ngezigaba ibizwa ngokuthi imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngokwezifiso, futhi le mikhiqizo kumele ipakishwe ngaphambi kokupakishwa, futhi imidwebo enemininingwane nezinto zokupakisha kumele zinikezwe.
Imikhiqizo ekhethekile eyenziwe ngokwezifiso ngobuningi emikhiqizweni ekhethekile ifaka phakathi izimpahla eziyingozi kanye nemikhiqizo ye-microelectronic
1. izimpahla eziyingozi
Imikhiqizo eqhumayo, evuthayo, enobuthi, enemisebe, njll., futhi engabangela kalula izingozi kanye nomonakalo wempahla ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa, ukulayisha, ukulayisha nokugcina, futhi edinga ukuvikelwa okukhethekile, ibizwa ngokuthi izimpahla eziyingozi. Izinga likazwelonke le-CB6944 elithi "Ukuhlukaniswa Nokulebula Izimpahla Eziyingozi" lihlukanisa izimpahla eziyingozi ngezigaba eziyisishiyagalolunye.
Inhloso eyinhloko yokupakisha Izimpahla eziyingozi ziwukuvimbela umonakalo ongase uvele ngesikhathi sokulayisha, ukulayisha, ukuthutha, ukugcina kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimpahla eziyingozi. Ubunzima bemvelo yezimpahla eziyingozi kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwezici zangaphandle zemvelo. Isibonelo, i-gunpowder ingaba nezinto ezahlukahlukene, ezinye zazo eziyingozi emvelweni. Ezinye zizwela ukushaqeka, ezinye zikhuhlane, kanti ezinye zikhanya, zishisa, ugesi ongashintshi, njll. Ngesikhathi sokulayisha, ukulayisha, ukuthutha kanye nokugcina, izici ezahlukahlukene zobungozi zingavela phakathi kwezici zemvelo, okudala ubunzima obukhulu ekupakisheni izimpahla eziyingozi. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlamvu, i-gunpowder kanye ne-pyrotechnics embonini yezokuvikela ziyizimpahla ezivuthayo neziqhumayo eziyingozi. Ukupakisha okunjalo akumele nje kuphela kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha komkhiqizo, kodwa futhi kuqinisekiswe ukugcinwa okuthembekile kwesikhathi eside, ukuzivumelanisa nokunyakaza kanye nokulula kokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo. Ukupakisha izimpahla eziyingozi kwamanye amazwe kumele kuhambisane "neMithethonqubo Yokuthuthwa Kwezimpahla Eziyingozi Ngamazwe Ngamazwe Olwandle" ekhishwe yi-International Maritime Organisation.
Ukulondolozwa.
2. Imikhiqizo ye-Microelectronics
Ama-Microelectronics ayimikhiqizo ekhethekile njengezingxenye ezahlukahlukene zesekethe ezihlanganisiwe ezinkulu, amabhodi esekethe ahlanganisiwe kanye nemikhiqizo ethile yokuhlanganisa eqondile, e-optical-mechanical kanye nekagesi. Azizweli nje kuphela emswakama nasekugqwaleni, kodwa futhi nasekushaqekeni nasekudlidlizeni. Azizweli kakhulu emathonyeni angaphandle. Izingozi ezihlobene namandla ensimu. Ukuvikela nokuvikela ezinkundleni ze-electromagnetic, ezinkundleni ze-electrostatic kanye nezinkundleni zemisebe kubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni nasekuphileni kwenkonzo yale mikhiqizo. Ukuvikelwa kwezingxenye kuyisilinganiso esibalulekile sokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka nokuphila kwayo yonke idivayisi, futhi lokhu kuvikelwa kumele kube okuphelele futhi okuthembekile. Kuyo yonke inqubo yomkhiqizo, kusukela ezingxenyeni kuya ekuhlanganisweni kuya ezingxenyeni noma ezingxenyeni kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye zibe yimikhiqizo, noma yikuphi ukunganaki ekuvikelweni kokupakishwa kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu futhi kuholele ekulahlekelweni okukhulu.
Ukuzwela kokukhishwa kwe-electrostatic kweminye imikhiqizo kagesi esetshenziswa kakhulu kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 2-3. Ukuzwela kugesi ozinzile kubhekisela ezingeni lapho umkhiqizo wonakala khona ugesi ozinzile. Ubukhulu bengozi ye-electrostatic, noma ubukhulu bomonakalo we-electrostatic, kuncike ezingeni lokwakheka kwe-static (i-voltage ye-electrostatic) kanye nokuzwela kwe-electrostatic komkhiqizo ekukhishweni kwe-electrostatic. Uma i-voltage ye-electrostatic iphakeme, kulapho umonakalo uba mkhulu khona. Uma umkhiqizo uzwela kakhulu, kulapho uzwela kakhulu ekulimaleni kwe-electrostatic.
Umkhiqizo opakishiwe ushintsha kuphela izakhiwo zawo zomzimba ngesikhathi senqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi, ngaphandle kokudala izinto ezintsha. Izinguquko ekujikeni, umbala, ukucwebezela, iphunga, ukuguga, i-sublimation, i-volatilization, ukubola, iphuzu lokuncibilika, amandla abilayo, i-plasticity, i-thermal conductivity, i-electric conductivity, izakhiwo ze-optical, njll. konke kungalinganiswa. Konke lokhu kungalinganiswa ngezinzwa zomuntu njengolimi, ulimi nomzimba, noma ngamathuluzi okuhlola. Ngaphambi nangemva kokwenziwa kwezinguquko zomzimba emikhiqizweni epakishiwe, uhlobo kanye nohlobo lwemikhiqizo epakishiwe akunqunywa. Lapha, sethula ikakhulukazi izinguquko zesimo ezintathu zamabhokisi e-cupcake e-wholesale enziwe ngokwezifiso, ukungena nokuphuma kwamanzi, i-thermal conductivity kanye ne-mechanization yokushisa okunamathiselwe, izinguquko ezakhiweni ze-electromagnetic kanye ne-optical, kanye nezinguquko zemishini (amandla), njll.
Isenzakalo sokuncibilika komkhiqizo sihlotshaniswa nokuncibilika kwamanzi, ukuncibilika kwamanzi kanye nephuzu eli-hygroscopic. Ukuncibilika kwamanzi kumelela ikhono lomkhiqizo lokumunca nokukhulula umswakama, okuthinta izakhiwo zawo zomzimba, njengezakhiwo zokuvimbela amanzi, izakhiwo zokugoba kanye nokwakheka kwama-bubble. Ukuncibilika kwamanzi kumelela imfanelo yezikhunta zokuncibilika emanzini amuncwayo bese kuba uketshezi. Iphuzu eli-hygroscopic lichaza inani lomswakama lapho umkhiqizo uqala ukumunca umswakama ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokushisa kanye nengcindezi. Uma ingcindezi ingaguquki, njengoba izinga lokushisa elizungezile likhuphuka, iphuzu eli-hygroscopic liyancipha kancane kancane, okwenza kube lula ngomkhiqizo ukumunca umswakama nokuncibilika. Nakuba eminye imikhiqizo, njenge-potassium sulfate, i-potassium perchlorate, njll., inomswakama omuhle kakhulu wamanzi, izimfanelo zayo zokumunca zibuthakathaka kakhulu, ngakho-ke akulula ukuncibilika ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa ezijwayelekile kanye nengcindezi. Kukhona nemikhiqizo ethile, njengesikhumba, iphepha, ukotini, isiponji, iglue yezitini, njll., okuthi, naphezu kokuba ne-hygroscopicity ephezulu, ayincibiliki emanzini ngakho-ke ayincibiliki. Ngenxa yalokho, kuphela uma umkhiqizo une-hygroscopicity ephezulu kanye nokuncibilika kwamanzi okuhle lapho ungancibilika kancane kancane endaweni enomswakama futhi ekugcineni uncibilike ngokuphelele oketshezini. Umswakama womoya unomthelela obaluleke kakhulu ezingeni lokuncibilika komkhiqizo. Uma umswakama olinganiselwe uphansi kakhulu, ngisho nemikhiqizo encibilika kalula ene-hygroscopicity ephezulu kanye nezakhiwo zokugeza amanzi akulula ukuyincibilika, futhi izimo zomswakama ophansi kakhulu, njengezihlane ezomile, azivumeli umkhiqizo ukuthi uncibilike.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-12-2023
