Umklamo wephakheji yokuthengisa,izinto zokupakisha amakhekhe
Ulwazi oluyisisekelo lokuklama amaphakheji okuthengisa
1. Umqondo wokupakisha okuthengiswayo kanye nomsebenzi wawo,izinto zokupakisha amakhekhe
Ukupakishwa kokuthengiswa komkhiqizo,izinto zokupakisha amakhekhe,okwaziwa nangokuthi ukupakisha okuncane, ukupakisha kokuthengisa, ukupakisha okuncane okuthengiswa kubathengi ngemikhiqizo ngenhloso yokuthengisa. Inemisebenzi elandelayo: umsebenzi wokuqashelwa, umsebenzi wokwenza kube lula, umsebenzi wokwenza kube kuhle, umcabango kanye nomsebenzi wokuhlanganisa. Okuqukethwe okuyinhloko komklamo wokupakisha kokuthengisa ukuklama umhlobiso wokupakisha kanye nomklamo wokwenza kube lula, ukuhlobisa ukupakisha kubhekisela ekuhlobiseni nasekuhlobiseni ukupakisha kokuthengiswa kwezimpahla. Ukuma, umbala, umbhalo, ukubopha, iphethini, ukuthungwa, uphawu kanye nezinye izinto zokupakisha kwakha yonke into yobuciko, edlala indima ekudluliseni ulwazi lwezimpahla, ukukhuthaza izimpahla, ukwenza kube kuhle izimpahla, ukubonisa izici zezimpahla, ukukhuthaza ukuthengisa kanye nokwenza kube lula ukusetshenziswa.Izinto zokupakisha i-pastry futhiUkupakisha nokuhlobisa ukuthengisa kuyisikhangiso esingabonakala yonke indawo emakethe, kuyithuluzi lokudlulisela ulwazi ngqo emakethe ekhona kanye nemakethe engaba khona, kuyisikhali esinamandla sokuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kwezimpahla, futhi kuyindlela evamile yokukhuthaza ukumaketha. Umphumela weizinto zokupakisha amakhekheIphakheji yokuthengisa ephumelelayo yokuthuthukisa ukuthengisa nokuphakamisa amanani ngokungangabazeki inkulu kakhulu.
Izidingo eziyisisekelo zomklamo wokupakisha ukuthengisa yilezi: ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zezindinganiso nemithethonqubo kazwelonke efanelengobaizinto zokupakisha amakhekhe; Kuzokwenziwa ngokuhambisana nokuqukethwe nezidingo ezichazwe esabelweni sephrojekthi noma inkontileka; Okuqukethwe kuyahambisana nezinto zokupakisha; Cabanga ngokugcwele ngezinzuzo zomphakathi nezomnotho futhi unciphise izindleko zokupakisha ngangokunokwenzeka; Ukuphinda kusetshenziswe izinto zokupakisha, izitsha noma ukulahlwa kwemfucuza kufanele kucatshangelwe; Ukuqina, amandla, ukuqina kanye nezidingo zokuphepha kanye nokuhlanzeka kokupakisha kufanele kuqinisekiswe; Kufanele kube nomthelela ekusebenzeni kokupakisha, ukukhombisa, ukuthwala, ukuvula, ukulondoloza kanye nokusetshenziswa: ukuma kanye nomthamo womusho kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi kuhambisana nokuma kanye nokuhlelwa kwe-serialization.i-asloizinto zokupakisha amakhekhe, ukuze kube lula ukuthuthwa nokupakisha; Umphumela wayo eshalofini kanye nomsebenzi wokudlulisa ulwazi kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokugcwele; Izidingo zobuchwepheshe ohlelweni lokuklama kufanele ziqinisekiswe ngezindlela zokuhlola.
2. Izimiso zokuklama kanye nezici zokuklama Ukuze kukhuliswe ukusebenza komkhiqizoizinto zokupakisha amakhekheUma upakisha futhi unikeza ukudlala okugcwele umthelela wokupakisha ekukhangiseni, ukwakheka kokupakisha komkhiqizo kufanele kulandele izimiso ezilandelayo:
(1) Ukupakishwa kokuthengisa kwesayensi nokuphephafuthiizinto zokupakisha amakhekheUmklamo kufanele usekelwe ezicini zokuqukethwe kanye nezinga lokuvikelwa elidingekayo kanye nezidingo zokuthengisa, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nezinye izici zokukhetha okunengqondo kwezinto zokupakisha. Nquma ngokwesayensiizinto zokupakisha amakhekheisakhiwo sokupakisha kanye nezindlela zokuvikela, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezithuthukisiweizinto zokupakisha amakhekheubuchwepheshe bokupakisha kanye nobuchwepheshe, ukuze isakhiwo sonke seizinto zokupakisha amakhekheukupakisha kunengqondo enkulu kakhulu futhi kunamandla anele, futhi kuqinisekisa ngokugcwele ukuthi (2) ukupakisha okungabizi kuhlobene eduzeizinto zokupakisha amakhekheizindleko zomkhiqizo kanye nezindleko zokujikeleziswa. Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezimpahla eziqukethwe emisebenzini edingekayo edingwa yiphakheji, kanye nokufeza ibhalansi ephelele phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukeneizinto zokupakisha amakhekheimisebenzi yokupakisha. Ngaphansi kwezimo, umklamo wokupakisha kufanele ukhethe izinto zokupakisha ezishibhile, ngesisekelo sokungathinti ikhwalithi yokupakisha, umklamo wokupakisha kufanele ukhethe intengo efanelekile.izinto zokupakisha amakhekheIzinto zokupakisha, ngesisekelo sokungathinti ikhwalithi yokupakisha, kufanele zisebenzise izindlela zenqubo ezingabizi futhi ezilula ukunciphisa izindleko zokupakisha, ukuze kuncishiswe intengo yezimpahla, ngaphansi kwesisekelo sokuhlangabezana nezidingo zamandla, kufanele zikhethe izinto zokupakisha ezilula, zinciphise isisindo sokupakisha ngangokunokwenzeka, zinciphise ivolumu yokupakisha, zifinyelele ukulinganisa kwezidingo zokupakisha, futhi zinciphise ukujikeleza kwegazi.
3) Ukunethezeka kufanele kusekelwe ezidingweni zeizinto zokupakisha amakhekheukukhiqizwa komkhiqizo, ukuthengiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo, ukuze kube lula kubakhiqizi ukufeza okuqhubekayo nokuzenzakalelayoizinto zokupakisha amakhekheukupakisha, ukwenza kube lula abathengisi ukubonisa nokuthengisa, kanye nokwenza kube lula abathengi ukusebenzisa, ukuthwala, ukuvula nokuvala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuye ngezindleko. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zipakishwa ngobuningi, amandla kanye nemininingwane ehlukene, futhi imikhiqizo ehlobene nayo isetshenziselwa ukusekelaizinto zokupakisha amakhekheukupakishwa. (4) Umklamo wokupakisha wokuthengisa umkhiqizo omusha ukuze uvumelane nezidingo zentuthuko kanye noshintsho lwemakethe kanye ne-The Times, ukusungula izinto ezintsha okuqhubekayo, ukuze ukupakishwa komkhiqizo kube okuhlukile futhi okusha, futhi ukupakishwa kweminye imikhiqizo efanayo kunomehluko ocacile, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuncintisana kwemakethe kwemikhiqizo.
(5) Ukukhuthazwa kobuhle kufanele kube nesimo esihle, umbala kanye nephethini, kuhlangabezane nezidingo zengqondo zobuhle zabathengi, kukhuthaze ikhono lokusiza imikhiqizo ukuthi ithathe imakethe futhi kwandise ukuthengisa. Abathengi banomuzwa wobuhle bezimpahla, ukuzeizinto zokupakisha amakhekheukupakisha nokuhlobisa kunganakekela ingqondo yabathengi futhi kukhuthaze ukuthengiswaizinto zokupakisha amakhekheimikhiqizo
(6) Ukuhlanzeka kufanele kudlale indima ekhethekile ekwakhiweni kokupakisha kokuthengisa kokudla, izimonyo, imithi, imikhiqizo yezempilo kanye neminye imikhiqizo. Naka izidingo zempilo nokuphepha zemikhiqizo epakishiwe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyadingeka ukuthiizinto zokupakisha amakhekheukupakisha kungahlukanisa ukungcola kwezinto ezahlukahlukene ezingahlanzekile, ikakhulukazi ukungcola kwamagciwane, izinambuzane namagundane; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinto zokupakisha akufanele zibe nezinto ezinobuthi namakhemikhali ayingozi.
(7) Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo ekwakhiweni kweizinto zokupakisha amakhekheUkupakishwa, kufanele sicabangele izidingo zokuvikelwa kwemvelo, sandise ukuqwashisa ngokungabikho kokungcola kanye nokuqwashisa ngemvelo, sizivumelanise nemakethe yomhlaba ngenxa yezindinganiso ezintsha kanye nemithethonqubo emisha ngezinto zokupakisha kanye nemfucuza yokupakisha ebangelwa umncintiswano omusha, sithuthukise ngamandla imfucuza encane, ingaphinde isetshenziswe kabusha, kulula ukuyiphinda isetshenziswe noma ukuzilimaza kokupakisha okuluhlaza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ekuthengisweniizinto zokupakisha amakhekheukwakheka kokupakisha kufanele futhi kunake ukuthuthukiswa okunengqondo kwalawo maphakheji okonga izinsiza.
Ububanzi bokuthengisaizinto zokupakisha amakhekheUmklamo wokupakisha uhlanganisa izici ezintathu: umklamo wokwenza amamodeli esitsheni; Umklamo wesakhiwo; Umklamo wokuhlobisa.
Lezi zici ezintathu zihlobene futhi ziyaphambana, futhi azikwazi ukuhlukaniswa ngokuphelele.
Isimiso esijwayelekile sokuthengisaizinto zokupakisha amakhekheUmklamo wokupakisha uthi: “wesayensi, wezomnotho, oqinile, omuhle, othengiswayo”. Lesi simiso sibekwe phambili ngomsebenzi oyisisekelo wokupakisha, futhi siyisidingo esiphelele somklamo wokupakisha wokuthengisa. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, njengokugxila emsebenzini wokuxhumana kanye nomsebenzi wokukhuthaza womklamo wokupakisha, kufanele futhi kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezine eziyisisekelo ezilandelayo: okulula ukuzibona; Ukubamba iso; Ukuba nomuzwa omuhle, ngokufanele. Izici ezine ezingenhla zibalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukuthengiswa kwezimpahla, futhi ziyakhawulelana futhi zixhumanisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwalezi ezine, okuyisihluthulelo sokuthengiswa kwazo.izinto zokupakisha amakhekheumklamo wokupakisha.
Inhloso eyinhloko yomsebenziizinto zokupakisha amakhekheUmklamo wokupakisha uwukupakisha kwemikhiqizo yokuthengisa, okudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni inani lomkhiqizo kanye nokuncintisana ukuze kwandiswe imakethe futhi kwandiswe ukuthengisa. Ngokuthuthuka komnotho, umklamo wokupakisha kanye nokuhlobisa uthuthukile kusukela ezithasiselweni zomkhiqizo wokuqala ukuze ube nenani elifanayo nomkhiqizo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ubaluleke kakhulu kunomkhiqizo.
Umklamo wokuhlobisa wokupakisha ikakhulukazi unobubili bobuciko kanye nokusebenza. Ukusebenza kahle kungokokuqala, kanti ubuciko busekusebenzisekeni, okuyisici esivamile sobuciko obusebenzayo. Umklamo wokupakisha kanye nokuhlobisa ukukhuthaza ukuthengiswa komkhiqizo njengenhloso eyinhloko ebudlelwaneni phakathi kobuciko kanye nokusebenza kahle kunezici ezithile zobuntu ezihlukile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo,izinto zokupakisha amakhekheUmklamo wokuhlobisa amaphakheji nawo unobuciko kanye nezentengiselwano; Ubuciko kanye nesayensi; Ubuciko kanye nokusebenza; Izici zobuciko kanye nesikhathi.
3. Indawo yokuklama
Ukuqondiswa komklamo kuyindlela ehlobene eduze nomqondo womklamo, egcizelela ukubaluleka, inhloso kanye nokusetshenziswa komklamo, futhi isungula okuqukethwe okuyinhloko kanye nesiqondiso somqondo womklamo kanye nokusebenza kwawo. Kunokuqonda okuhlukene mayelana nokuqondiswa komklamo. Nakuba kungeyona inhloso ngokwayo, kubaluleke kakhulu njengesisekelo kanye nesisekelo somqondo womklamo.
Ukubaluleka okuyinhloko kokubekwa komklamo ukugcizelela izici zomkhiqizo wabo ophakeme kuneminye imikhiqizo, ukugqamisa izici ezibalulekile abanye abangazange bazicabangele ekupakisheni kwabo, nokusungula isihloko kanye nokugxila komklamo. Ukubekwa komklamo kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili:
(1) Ukuqoqwa kwedatha Ukuqoqwa kwedatha kuyisigaba sokulungiselela ukubeka umklamo. Emphakathini wanamuhla, kusobala kakhulu ukuqhathanisa umncintiswano wemakethe "nempi yebhizinisi". Ukunqoba impi, ukuzazi wena kanye nesitha yisimo sokuqala. Ukupakisha nokuklama ukuhlobisa emncintiswaneni wemakethe kubhekene nezinselele ezimbili: eyodwa ukukhetha kwabathengi, eyesibili ukuncintisana kwemikhiqizo efanayo. Kuyisisekelo sokubeka umklamo ukuqonda isimo esifanele sento yokuncintisana yokuklama. Inhloso yokuqoqa ulwazi ukwazi omunye umuntu. Lokhu
Ukubeka umklamo kuwumsebenzi okumele wenziwe. Ukuqoqwa kwedatha kufanele kwenziwe kusukela ezicini ezimbili zento yokuklama kanye nento yokuncintisana ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi okuqukethwe okuthile kungahlukaniswa izingxenye ezintathu: ukuthengiswa kwemakethe, imikhiqizo, ukupakisha kanye nomklamo wokuhlobisa.
Ukumaketha kuhlanganisa: izinto ezisetshenziswayo; Ubudlelwano bokuphakelwa kanye nesidingo; Isabelo semakethe; Isifunda sokuthengisa kanye nesizini; ukuthengisa
Indlela.
Izinto zokupakisha i-pastry pimikhiqizo ihlanganisa: uhlobo kanye nezinga; Izici kanye nemisebenzi; Ikhwalithi kanye nenani lokusetshenziswa, umjikelezo wokuphila, izinto zokwakha, izinqubo kanye nobuchwepheshe; Izindleko kanye nenzuzo.
3 Umklamo wokuhlobisa wokupakisha uhlanganisa:izinto zokupakisha amakhekheizinto zokupakisha, ubuchwepheshe kanye nobuchwepheshe, isimo kanye nesakhiwo sokupakisha, izindlela zokuveza kanye nesitayela sokuveza; Izindleko zokupakisha; Kunezinkinga.
Ulwazi lomkhiqizo nokumaketha lungaqondwa futhi lutholakale kumklami ophathisiwe, futhi ulwazi lokuklama ukupakisha nokuhlobisa kufanele luhlanganyele mathupha ophenyweni nasekucwaningweni ngumklami. Ukuqoqwa kwedatha kufanele kube okugcwele nokunembile ngangokunokwenzeka, okuhlobene ngqo nesinqumo sokubeka umklamo kanye nokusetshenziswa kokusebenza komklamo.
(2) Isinqumo sokubeka Isinqumo sokubeka siwukuqoqa lonke ulwazi, mayelana nezinto eziyisisekelo zokuklama ukupakisha kokuthengisa ukuze kuhlaziywe into ngayinye, bese kuba ngesisekelo sokukhuthaza amandla nokugwema ubuthakathaka ngesisekelo sokuhlola, bese ekugcineni kutholakala ukuthi yini okufanele yenziwe.
Futhi qokomisa ukuthi yini. Izinto ezintathu eziyisisekelo zokubeka umklamo uphawu, umkhiqizo kanye nomthengi. Lezi zinto ezintathu eziyisisekelo kumele zibonakale ekuthengisweniizinto zokupakisha amakhekheOkuqukethwe komklamo wokupakisha, inkinga iwukuthi into ngayinye eyisisekelo iqukethe inani elikhulu lokuqukethwe kolwazi olucebile, ukubeka umklamo ukucacisa ubudlelwano obuyinhloko nobesibili, ukusungula itimu yomklamo kanye nokugxila.
Ngokusekelwe ekubekweni komkhiqizo, ekubekweni komkhiqizo kanye nasekubekweni kwabathengi, inhlanganisela ehlukahlukene ingenziwa futhi ngokuya ngesimo esithile somkhiqizo kanye nemakethe, okungukuthi, itimu yokuklama iqukethe izici eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Isibonelo, imikhiqizo kanye nemikhiqizo,izinto zokupakisha amakhekheimikhiqizo nabathengi, izinhlobo nabathengi, njll. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlobo luni lokuklama olusetshenziswayo, isihluthulelo ukusungula ukugxila kokusebenza. Akukho ukugxila, okulingana nokungabi nakuqukethwe; Ukugcizelela kakhulu kufana nokungabi nakugxila, futhi kokubili kulahlekelwa incazelo yokubekwa komklamo.
Okuqukethwe okuyisisekelo komklamo wokupakisha kokuthengisa Okuqukethwe okuyisisekelo komklamo wokupakisha kokuthengisa umklamo wokwenza amamodeli, umklamo wombhalo, umklamo wombala, umklamo wamaphethini kanye nomklamo olula.
Isimo somklamo wokupakisha ukuthengisa kufanele sibe wusizo, esesibili sibe sihle, kanti esesithathu sibe yisicebi ngoshintsho. Isimo sokuthengisaizinto zokupakisha amakhekheUkupakishwa ngokuvamile kuhlanganiswe ndawonye, kuvulwa amafasitela, kuyaphatheka, kuyalenga, kuyabonakala, kulula ukukuvula, kungasetshenziswa kabusha, kuyisipho njalo njalo.
1. Izinto zokupakisha i-pastryumklamo wokupakisha esitsheni sokupakisha iribhoni eyengeziwe yangaphandle neyangaphakathi, ifindo lembali, njll., ukugqamisa nokuthuthukisa umphumela wobuciko wokumodela kokupakisha. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isimiso sokwenza lula sibaluleke kakhulu ekumodeleni kokupakisha, okunqunywa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwenqwaba kanye nokupakisha. Okokuqala, ukumodela okuyinkimbinkimbi akufanelekile ekukhiqizeni okuningi, akuvumelani nesimiso sokonga ngokwezomnotho, futhi akulula ukuyisebenzisa, futhi okwesibili, kuhlobene nokunambitheka kobuhle kwabathengi, ukumodela okulula nokukhanyayo kulula ukukubona, ukumodela okubushelelezi, kwemvelo, okudala kungumthengi
Ake silinde.
Okuthandwayo. Ukwakheka kombhalo kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokwakheka kokuhlobisa ubuso bokupakisha, indima yayo eyinhloko ukukhuthaza imikhiqizo, ukwethula ukukhiqizwa
2. Ukuthengiswa kweizinto zokupakisha amakhekheukupakisha imikhiqizo yokuklama umbhalo, ngenkathi kudlala indima yokuhlobisa esithombeni. Umqondo kanye nokwakheka kombhalo kufanele kusekelwe ezicini zomkhiqizo kanye nezici zendawo yokuthengisa ukuze kuzanywe ukufeza kokubili okuhle nokunenjongo, ulimi kufanele lube lufushane futhi lube yiqiniso, igama kufanele libe lukhuni, umbhalo kanye nokuhumusha kufanele kube nembambo, isitayela sefonti kanye nesikrini sokuhlobisa kufanele kuhlanganiswe futhi kuhlanganiswe, futhi ukwakheka kufanele kube okunengqondo. Izimpawu zokuhweba kanye namagama omkhiqizo kungumphefumulo wesithombe sokupakisha kanye nokuhlobisa, okufanele kuklanywe engxenyeni eyinhloko yesithombe; Igama lomkhiqizo lingabekwa endaweni yesibili, kanti olunye ulwazi lombhalo, umbhalo ochazayo, umbhalo wokukhangisa, njll. kufanele kuhlelwe ngokunengqondo ngokwesisekelo nesesibili. Njengamanje, amazwe amaningi adinga ukuthi ukupakisha komkhiqizo kusebenzise amasethi amabili noma ngaphezulu ombhalo, ngakho-ke ngokwezici nezidingo zamazwe ahlukene, ukukhetha okunengqondo kombhalo, okumele kucatshangelwe ngokucophelela ekwakhiweni kwe-calligraphy, usayizi wamagama, ukukhethwa kwefonti, ubudlelwano bobuningi kanye nezinye izici zokukhetha okufanele.
3. Izinto zokupakisha i-pastry pumklamo wombala we-ackaging
Umbala ulimi lobuciko lokupakisha nokuhlobisa, futhi luyisiqondiso esibonakalayo sabathengi sokuthenga izimpahla. Umbala ungadlulisela ulwazi oluhlukahlukene, uveze incazelo ecebile, uvuse umcabango omuhle wabantu, ukuze ulethe umthelela oqondile ekuthengisweni kwezimpahla. Umklamo wombala kufanele uhambisane nesihloko sesithombe, ngokuya ngohlobo kanye nezici zomkhiqizo okufanele wenziwe, ikakhulukazi ukucabangela ukusetshenziswa kombala wemvelo, umbala odumile kanye nombala ojwayelekile.
Izwe ngalinye nesifunda ngasinye sinokukhetha kwaso imibala yendabuko, okungukuthi, imibala eyisisekelo. Imizwa yabantu kanye nokukhetha kwabo umbala kuvame ukuthonywa izimo zendawo, amasiko esizwe, izinkolelo zenkolo, izici zezombusazwe, kanye nendlela yokuphila.
Umbala odumile wokupakisha umbala owamukelwa futhi othandwa yibo bonke abantu endaweni ethile kanye nesikhathi esithile. Ukuvela kombala odumile kuwumphumela ongenakugwenywa wesidingo sokuba ngumuntu omusha, futhi intuthuko yawo ihambisana njalo. Ukuphishekela komthengi imibala ethandwayo kubonisa isifiso somthengi sokushintsha, ukuzithuthukisa, ukuhambisana nomkhuba, nokuba nesibindi sokuphishekela isimo sengqondo, okuyisici sempilo yabathengi. Umklamo wombala wokupakisha okuthengiswayo akufanele ulahlekelwe isikhathi ekubambeni ulwazi oludumile nokuklama imibala ngesitayela esidumile kanye nomqondo we-The Times.
Umbala wokupakisha umbala osetshenziswa isikhathi eside futhi abathengi bavame ukuwamukela. Njengokusebenzisa imibala efudumele ukugcizelela ukudla okumnandi; Sebenzisa imibala epholile ukugcizelela ukuqina kwemikhiqizo yemishini. Umbala wokupakisha ngokwezifiso unombono ojulile ezingqondweni zabathengi. Ukukhetha umbala wokupakisha ngezinye izikhathi kulula ukubangela ukufana phakathi kwezimpahla, ukufana akuhambisani nokuthengisa. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha umbala, kufanele sibe bahle ekutholeni isiko, kodwa futhi silwe nokuqamba izinto ezintsha. 4. Ukumodela iphethini yokuhlobisa ukupakisha
Imidwebo, izithombe, amaphethini okuhlobisa kanye nezinhlobo zokuhlobisa ezingaphambili komhlobiso wokupakisha zibizwa ngokuthi amaphethini esithombe sokupakisha. Umkhiqizo obonakalayo oboniswa ekupakisheni okusobala kanye nokupakisha kwamafasitela nawo uyingxenye ebalulekile yesithombe sokuhlobisa. Umklamo wamaphethini uvame ukusebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene okuklama, njengokudweba okuhlobisa, ukudweba ikhathuni, ukudweba, ukudweba kwaseShayina, ukudweba ngamafutha, ukudweba ngamanzi, ukubaza nge-calligraphy, ukusika uphawu, ukusika iphepha, ukuthwebula izithombe, futhi kusebenzisa amakhono ahlukahlukene okuklama, ukuze itimu yokuklama ithuthukiswe futhi idalwe ngokugcwele.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-05-2023
