Izinto zekhemikhali ezichaphazelaizinto zokupakisha ze-baklavaiinkqubo

Ukwazi kakuhle ukwakheka kweekhemikhali, iimpawu zeekhemikhali kunye notshintsho lweekhemikhali kwizinto ezipakishiweyo, ukuqonda nokufunda iimpawu kunye neendlela zokuwohloka kwezinto ngexesha lokujikeleza, kunye nokukhetha amanyathelo obuchwephesha okukhusela iikhemikhali afanelekileyo kuya kunceda ukuyila ukupakisha ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokulungiselela.izinto zokupakisha ze-baklavaiinkqubo zenkqubo.

1. Ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zemveliso

Ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zeemveliso ezipakishiweyo kunokwahlulwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezintathu: izinto ezingaphiliyo, izinto eziphilayo kunye nezinto ezixutyiweyo zezi zimbini. Utshintsho lomgangatho weemveliso ezipakishiweyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi ikakhulu lubangelwa ziziphumo ezidibeneyo zotshintsho lweekhemikhali, utshintsho lomzimba kunye nemisebenzi yomzimba yemveliso ngokwayo, emiselwa zizinto zemveliso epakishiweyo kunye neemeko ezikwimeko yokujikeleza kwegazi.

(1)Ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zokutya Ukutya kwahlulwe kubini: ukutya kwendalo kunye nokutya okucutshungulwayo. Ukutya kwendalo kukutya okutsha nokungacutshungulwayo. Ukutya okucutshungulwayo yimveliso efunyenwe ngokucubungula ukutya kwendalo njengezinto eziluhlaza, ezifana neenkozo ezigqityiweyo, iilekese, iipastries, izinto zokugcina ukutya, iitini, iziselo, icuba, iwayini, iti, izinongo, ukutya okulula, iimveliso zobisi, iipickles, njl. Izithako zayo eziphambili ziicarbohydrate, iiproteni, amafutha, i-cellulose, iivithamini, iiminerali, njl. Ukutya okutsha nokutsha, okufana neziqhamo, imifuno, intlanzi entsha kunye neeshrimp, njl., ukongeza ekuqulatheni izithako ezingasentla, kukwasebenza kwimisebenzi ye-metabolic kwaye kuyaqhubeka

Iyaqhubeka nokwenza i-oxidation yebhayoloji phantsi kwe-catalysis yee-enzymes, oko kukuthi, ikwaqhuba nemisebenzi eqhelekileyo ye-physiological.

(2)Ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zamayeza Iimveliso zamayeza ngamayeza asetyenziselwa unyango kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo, kubandakanya iinaliti, ulwelo, iipowders, iipilisi, iipilisi, amafutha okuthambisa kunye neebhandishi. Uninzi lwezi zinto ziyimixube yezithako okanye izinto ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye zazo zenziwe zizithako ezininzi ezingaphiliyo okanye izithako eziphilayo ezixutywe ngokwahlukeneyo, njenge-ginseng royal jelly, i-Yinqiao Jiedu Pills, njl.njl., zonke ezixutywe nezithako ezahlukeneyo.

(3)Ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zezinto zokuthambisa Izithambiso ziimveliso zemihla ngemihla zeekhemikhali ezisetyenziselwa ukukhusela nokuhombisa ulusu lomntu. Ziquka ikakhulu amafutha okugcoba, iipowder, izinto zamanzi, izinto zeoyile, njl. Izithambiso ziqulathe ivumba elimnandi, umbala, isepha, ukutya, amayeza, njl. Izithako, umndilili

Ngumxube wezithako ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali okanye izinto zendalo.

(4)Ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zeemveliso ze-electromechanical Uninzi lweenxalenye zeemveliso ze-electromechanical zenziwe ngentsimbi ephosiweyo, intsimbi yekhabhoni, ubhedu, i-aluminium kunye nezinye izinto zesinyithi, kwaye uninzi lwazo yintsimbi ephosiweyo kunye nentsimbi yekhabhoni. Izinto eziphambili kuzo yintsimbi, ikhabhoni kunye neekhompawundi zazo. Intsimbi yintsimbi esabelayo kwaye inokwenza iibhetri ezincinci ngekhabhoni kunye neentsimbi zokungcola ezingasebenziyo. Ke ngoko, intsimbi yinto edla ngokubola lula. Ukongeza, emva kokuba ezinye iindawo zeemveliso ze-mechanical kunye nezombane zitshisiwe, zitshisiwe, ziphathwe ngobushushu okanye zijijekile, zicinezelwe okanye zigobile, ziya kubangela utshintsho kuxinzelelo ngaphakathi kwesinyithi. Ezi zinto ze-mechanical ziya kukhuthaza ukubola kwesinyithi, okubizwa ngokuba yi-"stress corrosion".

(5)Ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zeekhemikhali eziyingozi Iingozi zeekhemikhali zibhekisa kwizinto ezinokutsha, eziqhumayo, ezinobungozi kakhulu, ezirhabaxa kakhulu nezine-radioactive. Ngokweempawu zazo zeekhemikhali, zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezilishumi: izinto eziqhumayo, ii-oxidants, iigesi ezixinzelelweyo kunye neegesi ezinyibilikisiweyo, izinto ezitshayo xa zichatshazelwa ngamanzi, ulwelo olutshayo, izinto eziqinileyo ezinokutsha, izinto ezinetyhefu, izinto ezirhabaxa kunye nezinto ezine-radioactive. Ezinye zezi zinto ziikhompawundi ze-organic ezenziwe ngekhabhoni, i-hydrogen, kunye neoksijini, ezinye ziintsimbi ezisebenzayo okanye iintsimbi ezine-radioactive, kwaye ezinye zizinto ezinobungozi ezingaphiliyo okanye eziphilayo. Iimpawu zazo zeekhemikhali ziyahluka ngokweentlobo zazo.

 

Iimpawu zeekhemikhali zeemveliso ezipakishiweyo zibhekisa kwiimpawu apho imo, ulwakhiwo kunye nezinto eziyinxalenye yemveliso zitshintsha khona phantsi kweemeko zokukhanya, ubushushu, ioksijini, iasidi, i-alkali, ityuwa, ubushushu kunye nokufuma, ikakhulu kubandakanya ukuzinza kweekhemikhali, ukubola, ubuthi, ukutsha kunye nokuqhuma, njl.

(1)Uzinzo lwekhemikhali lwemveliso Uzinzo lwekhemikhali lubhekisa ekusebenzeni kwemveliso okungekho lula ekuboleni, ekufakweni kweoksijini okanye kwezinye iinguqu ngaphakathi koluhlu oluthile phantsi kwempembelelo yezinto zangaphandle. Uzinzo lwekhemikhali lumiselwa zizinto kunye nolwakhiwo lwemveliso, kunye neemeko zangaphandle kunye nezinye izinto. Umzekelo, i-phosphorus ebomvu iyatsha xa ishushu ukuya kwi-160C, ngelixa i-phosphorus etyheli itshiswa lula kwaye ingatsha kwi-40C. Izinto ezisisiseko zentsimbi yekhabhoni kunye nentsimbi engatyiwayo yintsimbi kunye nekhabhoni, kodwa ukugqwala kunye nemagnetism yazo zahlukile kakhulu.

(2)Ubuthi beemveliso Ubuthi bubhekisa kwipropati yeemveliso ezithile zokupakisha ezinokusebenzisana ngeekhemikhali nezicubu ezithile zendalo kwaye zitshabalalise imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yempilo yendalo. Iimveliso ezinobuthi ziquka ikakhulu amayeza, izibulali-zinambuzane kunye neemveliso zeekhemikhali, ezahlulwe zibe ziimveliso ezinobuthi kakhulu nezinobuthi. Ulwazi olufanelekileyo lwetyhefu lunokufumaneka kulwazi olufanelekileyo.

(3)Ukubola kweemveliso Ukubola kweemveliso kubhekisa kwinto yokuba iimveliso ezithile, xa zidibana nezinto eziphilayo okanye iintsimbi, zinokubangela ukutsha okubolayo kunye nokugqwala kwizinto eziphilayo, okanye zibangele utshintsho olutshabalalisayo lweekhemikhali kwezinye izinto. Isizathu esiphambili sokubola kukuqhagamshelana nee-asidi, ii-alkali okanye iityuwa.

(4)Ukutsha kunye nokuqhuma kweizinto zokupakisha ze-baklavaimveliso. Ukutsha yindlela yokuxokozela, edla ngokubangelwa bubushushu nokukhanya. Yahlulwe yangamacandelo amane: ulwelo oluvuthayo, izinto eziqinileyo ezinokutsha, izinto ezivuthayo ezizenzekelayo kunye nezinto ezitshayo xa kutsha. Ukuqhuma kubhekisa kwinkqubo apho imveliso itshintsha ngoko nangoko ukusuka kwimeko eqinileyo okanye engamanzi ukuya kwimeko yegesi, ikhupha amandla amaninzi ngendlela yamandla oomatshini kwaye yenze isandi esikhulu kwindalo. Ngokwesizathu, inokwahlulwa ibe kukuqhuma okubonakalayo kunye nokuqhuma kweekhemikhali.

 

Amaqela ee-microbial ayinkimbinkimbi kwaye ahlukeneyo, kwaye anokwahlulwahlulwa abe ngamaqela amabini: iiseli kunye nee-non-cellular. Ii-microorganisms ezinesimo seseli zibizwa ngokuba zii-cell microorganisms. Iibhaktheriya, ii-molds kunye nee-yeast ezikhankanyiweyo apha zonke zii-cell microorganisms. Ngokwesakhiwo seseli yazo, zinokwahlulwa zibe zii-prokaryotic microorganisms (ezifana nee-bacteria) kunye nee-eukaryotic microorganisms (ezifana nee-molds kunye nee-yeast).

(1)Iintsholongwane Iintsholongwane zezona zisasazeka kakhulu kwaye zininzi kakhulu kwindalo kwaye zinxulumene ngokusondeleyo nabantu. Zezona zinto ziphambili zophando lwe-microbiology. Imo yebhaktheriya yahlukile. Xa iimeko zendalo zitshintsha, imo yebhaktheriya nayo iyatshintsha. Nangona kunjalo, phantsi kweemeko ezithile zendalo, iintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo zihlala zigcina imo ethile. Iintsholongwane zinemilo emithathu esisiseko: i-spherical, i-rod-shape kunye ne-spiral-shape, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-cocci, i-bacilli kunye ne-spiral bacteria ngokulandelanayo.

(2)I-Mold ayilogama elisetyenziswa kwi-taxonomic, kodwa ligama eliqhelekileyo lee-filamentous fungi. Zisasazeka kakhulu kwindalo. Zidla ngokubangela i-mold kunye ne-mildew kwimveliso yezolimo neyecala, impahla, ukutya, izinto ezikrwada, izinto zokupakisha, njl.njl., kwaye zinxulumene kakhulu nobomi bemihla ngemihla babantu kunye imveliso yokupakisha. Ezinxulumeneyo.

(3)Imvubelo Imvubelo liqela lee-microorganisms ze-eukaryotic ezineseli enye ezisetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Zingasetyenziselwa ukubilisa isonka nokwenza iwayini, kwaye zinokuvelisa utywala, i-glycerin, i-mannitol, ii-organic acids, iivithamini, njl. Umxholo weproteni kwiiseli zemvubelo uphezulu ngaphezu kwe-50% yobunzima obomileyo beeseli kwaye uqulethe ii-amino acids ezibalulekileyo emzimbeni womntu. Ezinye ii-yeast zingasetyenziselwa ukunyibilikisa i-petroleum, ukunciphisa iqondo lokukhenkceza kwe-petroleum, kunye nokulungiselela amalungiselelo e-nucleic acid kunye nee-enzyme.

Imvubelo ikwabangela ingozi ebantwini. Imvubelo yesaprophytic inokonakalisa ukutya, amalaphu kunye nezinye izinto ezikrwada. Inani elincinci lemvubelo yehypertonic inokonakalisa ubusi kunye nejam; ezinye ziye zaba ziintsholongwane engcolisayo kwishishini lokubilisa. Zitya utywala kwaye zinciphisa imveliso; okanye zivelise ivumba elibi, elichaphazelaizinto zokupakisha ze-baklava iimveliso. umgangatho. Iimvubelo ezithile zinokubangela izifo ebantwini nakwizityalo. Umzekelo, iiCandida albicans zinokubangela izifo ezahlukeneyo zesikhumba, ii-mucous membranes, indlela yokuphefumla, indlela yokugaya ukutya, kunye nenkqubo yomchamo. I-Cryptococcus neoformans inokubangela i-meningitis engapheliyo, i-pneumonia, njl. Imvubelo ikhula ikakhulu kwiindawo ezine-asidi eninzi enomxholo weswekile, njengakwiziqhamo, imifuno, i-nectar kunye namagqabi ezityalo.

 

Ukupakisha iiblister yindlela yokupakisha apho izinto ezipakishiweyo zivalwa phakathi kweblister eyenziwe ngeplastiki ebonakalayo kunye ne-substrate (eyenziwe ngekhadibhodi, iplastiki, ifoyile ye-aluminium okanye izinto zazo ezidityanisiweyo).

Ukupakisha ulusu kukubeka izinto ezipakishiweyo kwisiseko esinomoya esenziwe ngekhadibhodi okanye ngamashiti eplastiki, usigqume ngefilimu okanye ishiti yeplastiki eshushu nethambileyo, uze uphume ngesiseko ukuze ugobe ifilimu okanye ishiti ngokuqinileyo. Indlela yokupakisha ebamba izinto kwaye izivale ngeenxa zonke kwisiseko.

Zombini iindlela zokupakisha zisebenzisa i-substrate njengesiseko, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-substrate packing okanye i-card packing. Uphawu lwayo kukuba i-packing inembonakalo ecacileyo, evumela abasebenzisi ukuba babone ngokucacileyo imbonakalo yento. Kwangaxeshanye, iipateni ezintle kunye nemiyalelo yemveliso zinokuprintwa kwi-substrate ukuze kube lula ukuyibonisa nokuyisebenzisa. Kwelinye icala, izinto ezipakishiweyo ziqiniswe phakathi kwephepha lefilimu kunye ne-substrate kwaye azonakaliswa lula ngexesha lokuthuthwa kunye nokuthengiswa. Le ndlela yokupakisha ayinakukhusela kuphela izinto kwaye yandise ixesha lokugcina, kodwa ikwadlala indima ekukhuthazeni iimveliso ezisemthethweni kunye nokwandisa intengiso. Kwimarike, isetyenziselwa kakhulu ukupakisha izinto ezineemilo ezinzima ezibuthathaka ngenxa yoxinzelelo. Izinto ezinje ngamayeza, ukutya, izinto zokuthambisa, izinto zokubhala, izixhobo ezincinci zehardware kunye nezixhobo zoomatshini, kunye namathoyizi, izipho, imihombiso kunye nezinye izinto zixhaphake kakhulu kwiimarike ezizikhethileyo nakwiivenkile zokuthengisa.

Ngokwembono yokupakisha Izixhobo zokupakisha, ezi ndlela zimbini zokupakisha zezohlobo olunye, kodwa imigaqo kunye nemisebenzi yazo kunye nenkqubo yokupakisha zineempawu zazo.

1.Amanqaku aqhelekileyo phakathi kwe-blister ukupakishwa kunye nokupakishwa kwesikhumba

D. Ngokubanzi, upakisho lubonakala ngokucacileyo ukuze umxholo ubonakale kwaye uxhonywe kwaye uboniswe.

2.inokupakisha izinto ezineemilo ezintsonkothileyo kwaye inokupakisha izinto ngokwamaqela okanye ngamacandelo amaninzi.

Ngaphandle kwephakheji, ubugcisa

3.Ngokusebenzisa imo ye-substrate kunye nokuprinta okugqwesileyo, isiphumo sokunyusa imveliso sinokuphuculwa.

@Xa kuthelekiswa nezinyeizinto zokupakisha ze-baklava iindlela, iindleko zokupakisha ziphezulu, ukusetyenziswa kwabasebenzi kuphezulu, kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kokupakisha kuphantsi. 2. Umahluko phakathi kokupakisha iiblister kunye nokupakisha ulusu

Ukhuseleko lwemveliso ye-D. Ukupakisha iiBlister kuneempawu zokuthintela kwaye kunokufakwa kwi-vacuum. Nangona kunjalo, ukulingana komzimba akunakufezekisa ukusebenza kweepakethi ezi-2. Ukupakisha iiBlister kulula ukukuphumeza ngokuzenzakalelayo okanye ukuvelisa umgca wokuhlanganisa, kodwa kufuna ukutshintshwa kweemold. Ifanelekile kwimveliso yokupakisha encinci neyomthamo omkhulu. Ukupakisha okuhambelana nolusu kunzima ukufikelela kwimveliso yokuzenzakalelayo okanye umgca wokuhlanganisa, kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kuphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, ayifuni ukutshintshwa kweemold kwaye ifanelekile kwimveliso yokupakisha eyahlukeneyo kunye nomthamo omkhulu.

3Iindleko zokupakisha. Izixhobo zokupakisha kunye nezixhobo zokupakisha ze-blister packing zibiza kakhulu. Kwizinto ezinkulu nezinzima ezineebhetshi ezincinci, ixabiso liphezulu ngenxa yesidingo sokwenza ii-molds. Ukupakisha ulusu ngokubanzi kubiza kancinci, kodwa kufuna umsebenzi omninzi kwaye kubiza kakhulu ekuveliseni ukupakisha ngobuninzi.

4.isiphumo sokupakisha. Ukupakisha amaqhuqhuva kumhle ngakumbi kwaye kunokunyusa ixabiso lemveliso. Imbonakalo yokupakisha okuhambelana nolusu imbi kancinci ngenxa yemingxunya emincinci yokucoca nge-vacuum kwi-substrate.

Ngoko ke, ukupakishwa kweblister kufanelekile kwiinani ezinkulu, izinto ezincinci, kunye nezinto ezingadingi zimpawu zilungileyo zokuthintela. Ukupakishwa kwesikhumba kufanelekile kwiibhetshi ezincinci zezinto ezineemilo ezintsonkothileyo ezonakala lula ngexesha lokujikeleza kwegazi kwaye azidingi zimpawu zokuthintela.

 

Ukupakisha iiblister kwaqala ukusetyenziswa ekupakisheni amayeza. Ukuze koyiswe ingxaki yokuthatha amayeza kwiibhotile zeglasi, iibhotile zeplastiki kunye nezinye iibhotile, ukupakisha iiblister kwavela ngeminyaka yoo-1950 kwaye kwasetyenziswa kakhulu. Emva kophando olunzulu kunye nokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kwezixhobo zokupakisha iiblister, iinkqubo kunye noomatshini, yenze inkqubela phambili enkulu ngokubhekiselele kumgangatho wokupakisha, isantya semveliso kunye noqoqosho. Kule mihla, ukongeza ekupakisheni iipilisi zamayeza, iikhaphukhaphu kunye neesuppositories, ikwasetyenziswa kakhulu ekupakisheni ukutya, izinto eziyimfuneko zemihla ngemihla kunye nezinye izinto.

Ukupakishwa kwe-blister kunokukhusela izinto kumswakama, uthuli, ungcoliseko, ubusela kunye nomonakalo, kwandise ixesha lokugcina impahla, kwaye i-backpack icacile ngemiyalelo yokusetyenziswa eprintiweyo kwi-substrate, nto leyo enika abathengi lula. Eli yeza lipakishwa kwi-substrate ye-aluminium foil ngokwedosi. Igama leyeza, imiyalelo yokuthathwa kunye nolunye ulwazi luprintwa ngasemva kwe-aluminium foil. Libizwa ngokuba yi-PTP (press through pack) packing phesheya kwaye libizwa ngokuba yi-press-through packing eTshayina kuba xa ulithatha, licinezelwa ngesandla. Nge-blister, eli yeza linokukhutshwa nge-aluminium foil yomqolo, okanye lifakwe ngqo emlonyeni ukuze kuthintelwe ungcoliseko. Ezinye izinto ezincinci ezifana neepeni zebhola, iimela, izinto zokuthambisa, njl.njl. zipakishwa kwi-blister packing ene-cardboard backing. I-backpack ingenziwa ibe luhlobo lokuxhoma kwaye ixhonywe eshelufini, into ecacileyo kwaye idlala indima ekuhombiseni nasekubhengezeni, eluncedo ekuthengiseni.