Izinto ezibonakalayo ezichaphazela inkqubo yokupakisha ngobuninzi kwiibhokisi zekhekhe ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ngobuninzi
Izinto ezibonakalayo zibhekisa ikakhulu kwimpembelelo yemveliso kwimilo yayo ngexesha lobomi bayo. Umsebenzi wokukhusela umzimba wokupakisha iibhokisi zekhekhe zesiko ngobuninzi kukusebenzisa iindlela ezithile zobugcisa ukukhusela ukuhamba ngokukhuselekileyo kweemveliso kwinkqubo yokulayisha nokukhupha, ukugcina kunye nokuthuthwa, ukuze iimveliso zifikelele kwindawo eziya kuyo ngokutyibilikayo okanye zigqibezele ukusetyenziswa komsebenzi. Ke ngoko, kuyimfuneko ukuhlalutya ngononophelo iimpawu zomzimba neze-mechanical zemveliso, ukufumana iimfuno zokhuseleko kunye nolwazi oluneenkcukacha lwemveliso, kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo ze-mechanical kunye nomonakalo ngaphambi kokuba wamkele iindlela zobuchwepheshe zokupakisha iibhokisi ze-cupcake ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ngobuninzi. Ukupakishwa kweemveliso.
Injongo kunye nendima yohlalutyo lweempawu zomzimba neze-mechanical zeemveliso ziquka iinkalo ezintathu: d ukuphuhlisa iindlela zobuchwepheshe bokupakisha ezijolise kuzo nezinokwenzeka; @ ukufezekisa ukubekwa emgangathweni kokupakisha, ukuze iimveliso ezineempawu ezifanayo zisebenzise iindlela zobuchwepheshe bokupakisha ezifanayo; ukwahlukahluka kwezinto zokupakisha, ukunciphisa imisebenzi yokupakisha kunye neendleko zokuphatha, ukunciphisa ukupakisha kunye neendleko zothutho. Uhlalutyo lweempawu zomzimba nezoomatshini kunye neempawu zeemveliso lunezinto ezininzi eziqulathwe kuzo, ezinje ngokwakhiwa kwezinto zemveliso, iimpawu zomzimba zeemveliso, iimveliso ezisemgangathweni, iimveliso ezikhethekileyo njalo njalo.
1. iimpawu zokwakheka kwezinto ezibonakalayo zeemveliso ezithengiswa ngobuninzi beebhokisi zekhekhe ezenziwe ngokwezifiso
Iimpawu zokwakheka kwezinto zemveliso zezendalo zemveliso, kwaye umyili wezinto zokupakisha kufuneka aqale aqwalasele iimpawu zemveliso. Izinto ezahlukeneyo ezikwimeko engaphandle phantsi kwempembelelo yomonakalo obangelwe zizinto ezibonakalayo, iikhemikhali, imozulu okanye izinto zebhayoloji, indlela yokuwohloka yahlukile, kwaye umonakalo kwimveliso yokupakisha obangelwe kukonakala kwimeko engaphandle nawo wahlukile. Kwangaxeshanye, ukwahluka kwezinto zemveliso kwenza kube nzima ukukhetha iimveliso zokucoca, izinto zokukhusela, izinto zokupakisha zangaphakathi, izinto zokubopha kunye nezinto zokupakisha zangaphandle.
Uhlobo. Ngoko ke, abayili bokupakisha kufuneka bazi iindlela zomonakalo kunye nokonakala kwezinto ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zokukhusela ezisetyenziswa rhoqo kwaye basebenzise olu lwazi lusisiseko lwethiyori kuyilo lokupakisha.
2. Iibhokisi zekhekhe ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ngobuninzi Iipropati ezibonakalayo zeemveliso.
Yazi iipropati zomzimba zeemveliso, yila ukupakisha ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zokhuseleko lwemveliso kunye neemfuno ezithile zokusetyenziswa. Iipropati ezisisiseko zemveliso zinokwahlulwa zibe bubuntununtunu beekhemikhali, ubuntununtunu bomzimba, ubuntununtunu bokumelana, ukuhambelana kwezinto, iipropati zesakhiwo, ubungakanani kunye nomgangatho, ukususwa, uhlobo lomthwalo, iindleko zemveliso njalo njalo. 1, Ubuntununtunu bomzimba bokungcangcazela, ukungcangcazela kunye nezinye iimpembelelo zangaphandle Ukungqubana kunokubangela umonakalo womzimba okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwemveliso. Ngokwembono yokupakisha, uhlalutyo lobuthathaka bomzimba bemveliso lubhekisa kakhulu kumothuko, ukungcangcazela kunye nezinye izinto.
Umonakalo, intsimi yemitha, intsimi ye-electromagnetic, intsimi ye-electrostatic kunye nezinye iindawo zangaphandle zingonakalisa imveliso.
(1)Uburhabaxa bomphezulu bufuna ukhuseleko olungqongqo lomphezulu wemveliso egqityiweyo, umphezulu ongangeni manzi, umphezulu wesibuko obonakalayo
(2)Ukothuka kunye nokungcangcazela ngokwembono yesixhobo sokufunxa uloyiko
Ukhuseleko,iibhokisi zekhekhe zesiko ezithengiswayoAbayili beepakeji kufuneka baziqonde ngokupheleleyo iimpawu zemveliso, kubandakanya imo, ubungakanani kunye nendawo esembindini womxhuzulane, ubunzima kunye ne-inertia ngokubhekiselele kwi-axis enemilinganiselo emithathu, ukuthuthwa, indawo yoxinzelelo, iindawo zokuncamathisela kunye neendawo zokuphakamisa, ixabiso lobuthathaka, i-frequency yendalo, njl.njl.
Ixabiso lobuthathaka, elaziwa ngokuba yi-brittleness, lixabiso eliphezulu lokukhawulezisa elinokumelana nemveliso ngaphandle kokubangela umonakalo ngokwasemzimbeni okanye ngokusebenza kwaye ngokubanzi libonakaliswa njenge-multiple ye-speed of gravity, G. Ixabiso lobuthathaka likwaziwa ngokuba yi-brittleness. Itheyibhile 2-1 kumgangatho wemikhosi wase-US i-MIL HDBK 304 ibonisa ixabiso lobuthathaka bemveliso.
Okukhona ixabiso lokuqhekeka kwemveliso liphezulu, kokukhona amandla ayo okumelana namandla angaphandle, ekufuneka aqwalaselwe ngononophelo ngexesha loyilo. Ixabiso lokuqhekeka elivumelekileyo [G lixabiso lokukhawulezisa elivumelekileyo lemveliso, elichazwe ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezifana nexabiso, amandla kunye nokubaluleka kwemveliso, elingaphantsi okanye elilingana nexabiso lokuqhekeka elimiselweyo. Xa kuyilwa ukupakisha okufunxa ukushaqeka, ubukhulu bokukhawulezisa kwemveliso kufuneka bube ngaphantsi kwexabiso lokuqhekeka elivumelekileyo.
(3)Ubukhali bomhlaba wangaphandle bunokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwiimveliso ezikhethekileyo, kwaneengozi ezinkulu.
Kwizinto ezikhethekileyoiimveliso ezifana neempahla ezinobungozi, izixhobo ze-elektroniki ezichanekileyo kunye nezinye iimveliso zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, abayili bokupakisha ngobuninzi beebhokisi zeekhekhe ezenziwe ngokwezifiso kufuneka baqonde ngokupheleleyo uvakalelo lwabo kumandla entsimi yangaphandle kwaye bathathe amanyathelo okukhusela asebenzayo kwiphakheji.
3. amandla kunye nobuthathaka
Amandla abhekisa kubuchule bemveliso bokumelana nokuguquguquka okanye ukwaphuka okugqithisileyo. Amandla kunye nobuthathaka bemveliso kumisela iimfuno kunye nobungakanani bokhuseleko lwephakheji. Ngokuphathelele amandla kunye nobuthathaka, iimveliso zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezintathu: iimveliso ezibuthathaka, iimveliso ezichanekileyo kunye neemveliso ezinganyangekiyo, kwaye iimveliso ezinganyangekiyo zinokwahlulwa zibe ziimveliso ezinganyangekiyo kunye neemveliso ezinganyangekiyo. Iimveliso ezibuthathaka kunye nezichanekileyo zezona zinto ziphambili ekukhuseleni ukuxinana komothuko.
Ukuhambelana phakathi kwezinto kunye neemveliso, kunye nokuhambelana phakathi kwezinto ezahlukeneyo zokupakisha, zibalulekile ekupakisheni imveliso.
Ukuhambelana kwezinto ezininzi izixhobo (kuquka izixhobo zokuthambisa) zidibana ngqo nemveliso, kwaye iimpawu zomzimba zezinto ezimbini kufuneka zihambelane ukuze kuthintelwe impembelelo yomzimba edla ngokuba nayo utywala. Ukongeza, izixhobo ezininzi zokuthambisa zivelisa umbane ongashukumiyo xa ziphantsi koxinzelelo kunye nokungcangcazela, okanye xaeyenziwe ngokwezifiso iibhokisi zekhekhezigcwele ngobuninzi ukuze kuthintelwe ukungqubana nezinto zesinyithi. Xa ezi charges ze-electrostatic zakhana ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, azikwazi ukuvelisa iintlantsi kwaye zinokutsala uthuli okanye ezinye izinto.
4. Iimpawu zesakhiwo kunye neendawo zokuqhaqha zimisela indlela imveliso eqinisiweyo nexhaswa ngayo, kunye nohlobo kunye nobungakanani bemiqamelo kwibhokisi yokupakisha.
Iindawo ezingqukuva kunye neekona ezibukhali zemveliso zifuna ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo, kwaye ubukhulu bazo, ubunzima kunye nokusasazwa kwazo, iziko lomxhuzulane, njl. azichaphazeli kuphela ukukhethwa kunye noyilo lwesikhongozeli sokupakisha esithengiswayo kwiibhokisi zekhekhe ezenziwe ngokwezifiso, kodwa zikwakhokelela kubunzima ekukhuseleni ukupakisha. Ukongeza, ukuze kube lula ukupakisha, ukugcina kunye nokuthuthwa, ngamanye amaxesha kuyimfuneko ukwahlula imveliso ukuze ipakishwe. kunye nothutho. Intsebenziswano esondeleyo kunye nolungelelwaniso phakathi kwabayili beemveliso kunye nabayili beepakeji ezithengiswa ngobuninzi zeebhokisi zeekhekhe ezenziwe ngokwezifiso kunceda ukusombulula ezi ngxaki. Ngaphambi kokuba bayile iipakeji zeemveliso eziphathwayo, abayili beepakeji kufuneka bazi ukuba indawo apho imveliso iza kusetyenziswa khona inazo na izixhobo ezifunekayo, izixhobo kunye nobuchwepheshe bokudibanisa imveliso.
5. Uhlobo lokulayisha lweebhokisi zekhekhe ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ezithengiswa ngobuninzi
Uhlobo lomthwalo lubhekisa kukusasazwa komthwalo kwimveliso epakishiweyo, eveliswa xa imveliso ipakishiwe. Ngokohlobo lomthwalo, iimveliso zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezintathu: kulula ukulayisha, kunzima ukulayisha kunye nomthwalo ophakathi. Iimveliso ezilula ukulayisha zibizwa ngokuba ziimveliso ezilula ukulayisha. Zinokusasazwa koxinano olufanayo, ubungakanani obumiselweyo kwaye kulula ukupakisha. Ngokwesiqhelo, kusetyenziswa ukupakisha kwangaphakathi, kwangaphandle kunye nepallet. Iziko lobunzima bemveliso epakishiweyo likwiziko lejometri yesikhongozeli sokupakisha. Iimveliso ezinzima ukulayisha zibizwa ngokuba ziimveliso ezinzima ukulayisha ukuba ukusasazwa koxinano akulingani, kwaye iimveliso ezinobukhulu obungalinganiyo azinakuzalisa ngokupheleleyo isikhongozeli sokupakisha okanye azinawo umphezulu ochaziweyo wenkxaso kwisikhongozeli sokupakisha. Ukuba iteknoloji ekhethekileyo yenkxaso kunye nokubeka ayisetyenziswa kuyilo lokupakisha, uxinzelelo lunokwenzeka ngexesha lokulayisha, ukukhulula kunye nokuthuthwa, okunokonakalisa ukupakisha. Iziko lobunzima beemveliso ezinzima ukulayisha emva kokupakisha lidla ngokungabikho kwiziko lejometri lesikhongozeli sokupakisha, kwaye isikhongozeli sokupakisha kufuneka siphawulwe ngesithonjana sobunzima besiseko ngexesha lokugcina kunye nokuthuthwa ngokuhambelana nemigaqo yokuqinisekisa ukulayisha, ukukhulula kunye nokuphatha ngokukhuselekileyo. Iimpahla ezinobunzima obuphakathi ziphakathi kwezinto ezilula ukuzilayisha nezo kunzima ukuzilayisha, ezifana neetini kunye neziselo ezibhotileni.
6. Iindleko zemveliso yeebhokisi zekhekhe ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ezithengiswa ngobuninzi
Ixabiso lemveliso liyiparameter ebalulekileyo yoyilo abafanele bayiqwalasele abayili bokupakisha. Kwelinye icala, abayili bokupakisha kufuneka basebenzise elona xabiso liphantsi lokupakisha ukuze bahlangabezane neemfuno zokukhusela imveliso; kwelinye icala, ukuba icandelo eliphambili okanye elibalulekileyo lemveliso lonakele, oko kunokubangela ilahleko enkulu yemveliso, kwaye ixabiso lemveliso alisayi kuba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo.... Funda ngokugqithisileyo
iimveliso ezisemgangathweni nezenzelwe wena Ukuze kuphuculwe umgangatho wokupakisha, iimveliso kufuneka zahlulwe ngokweempawu zomzimba. Iimveliso ezineempawu zomzimba nezekhemikhali ezifanayo okanye ezifanayo njengeemveliso ezihlelwe ngokwamaqela zibizwa ngokuba ziimveliso ezisemgangathweni, kwaye ezi mveliso zintsha zihlala zipakishwa ngokweendlela ezikhoyo zokupakisha iibhokisi zekhekhe ezenziwe ngokwezifiso. Iimveliso ezingenazo iimpawu zomzimba nezekhemikhali ezifanayo okanye ezifanayo njengeemveliso ezihlelwe ngokwamaqela zibizwa ngokuba ziimveliso ezenziwe ngokwezifiso, kwaye ezi mveliso kufuneka zipakishwe ngaphambi kokupakisha, kwaye kufuneka kubonelelwe ngemizobo eneenkcukacha kunye nezixhobo zokupakisha.
Iimveliso ezikhethekileyo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ngobuninzi kwiimveliso ezikhethekileyo ziquka iimpahla eziyingozi kunye neemveliso ze-microelectronic
1. iimpahla eziyingozi
Iimveliso eziqhumayo, ezinokutsha, ezinetyhefu, ezine-radioactive, njl.njl., kwaye ezinokubangela iingozi kunye nomonakalo wepropathi ngexesha lokuthuthwa, ukulayisha, ukukhupha nokugcina, kwaye zifuna ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo, zibizwa ngokuba ziimpahla eziyingozi. Umgangatho wesizwe we-CB6944 "Ukuhlelwa kunye nokuLeyibhelishwa kweeMpahla eziyingozi" wahlula iimpahla eziyingozi zibe ziindidi ezilithoba.
Eyona njongo iphambili yokupakisha Iimpahla eziyingozi kukuthintela umonakalo onokwenzeka ngexesha lokulayisha, ukukhulula impahla, ukuthutha, ukugcina kunye nokusetyenziswa kweempahla eziyingozi. Ubunzima bendalo yeempahla eziyingozi kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto ezingaphandle kokusingqongileyo. Umzekelo, i-gunpowder inokuba nezinto ezahlukeneyo, ezinye zazo eziyingozi kokusingqongileyo. Ezinye zinobuthathaka kumothuko, ezinye zinoburharha, kwaye ezinye zinokukhanya, ubushushu, umbane ongashukumiyo, njl. Ngexesha lokulayisha, ukukhulula impahla, ukuthutha kunye nokugcina, izinto ezahlukeneyo zomngcipheko zinokuvela phakathi kwezinto ezingqongileyo, ezidala ubunzima obukhulu ekupakisheni iimpahla eziyingozi. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeembumbulu, i-gunpowder kunye ne-pyrotechnics kushishino lokhuselo ziimpahla ezinokutsha neziqhumayo eziyingozi. Olu hlobo lokupakisha akumelanga nje kuphela ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwemveliso, kodwa kukwafuneka kuqinisekiswe nokugcinwa kwayo ixesha elide, ukuba iyakwazi ukushukuma kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokulula. Ukupakisha iimpahla eziyingozi kwamanye amazwe kufuneka kuhambelane "neMigqaliselo yokuThuthwa kweeMpahla eziyingozi eLwandle ngaMazwe ngaMazwe" ekhutshwe yi-International Maritime Organisation.
Ukugcinwa.
2. Iimveliso zeMicroelectronics
IiMicroelectronics ziimveliso ezikhethekileyo ezifana nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zesekethe ezidityanisiweyo ezinkulu, iibhodi zesekethe ezidityanisiweyo kunye neemveliso ezithile zokudibanisa ngokuchanekileyo kwe-optical-mechanical kunye nombane. Azinazo nje kuphela iingxaki zokufuma kunye nokugqwala, kodwa zikwanokothuka kunye nokungcangcazela. Zikwanobunzima kakhulu kwiimpembelelo zangaphandle. Iingozi ezinxulumene namandla entsimi. Ukukhusela kunye nokukhusela kwiintsimi ze-electromagnetic, iintsimi ze-electrostatic kunye neentsimi zemitha zibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni nasekusebenzeni kwezi mveliso. Ukhuseleko lwenxalenye luyindlela ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kunye nobomi besixhobo sonke, kwaye olu khuseleko kufuneka luphelele kwaye luthembeke. Kuyo yonke inkqubo yemveliso, ukusuka kwizixhobo ukuya kwindibano ukuya kwizixhobo okanye kwiindawo kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwezixhobo ukuya kwiimveliso, naluphi na ukungakhathali ekukhuseleni ukupakisha kunokuba nemiphumo emibi kwaye kubangele ilahleko enkulu.
Uvakalelo lokukhupha umbane oqinileyo kwezinye iimveliso ze-elektroniki ezisetyenziswa rhoqo luboniswe kwiTheyibhile 2-3. Uvakalelo kumbane oqinileyo lubhekisa kwinqanaba apho imveliso yonakaliswa khona ngumbane oqinileyo. Ubungakanani bengozi ye-electrostatic, okanye ubunzima bomonakalo we-electrostatic, buxhomekeke kwinqanaba lokwakheka okungashukumiyo (i-voltage ye-electrostatic) kunye nokumelana kwe-electrostatic kwemveliso nokukhupha umbane oqinileyo. Okukhona i-voltage ye-electrostatic iphezulu, kokukhona umonakalo uba mkhulu. Okukhona i-electrostatic susceptibility yemveliso iphezulu, kokukhona isengozini enkulu yomonakalo we-electrostatic.
Imveliso epakishiweyo itshintsha kuphela iimpawu zayo zomzimba ngexesha lenkqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi, ngaphandle kokudala izinto ezintsha. Utshintsho kuxinano, umbala, ukukhazimla, ivumba, ukwaluphala, i-sublimation, i-volatilization, ukubola, i-melting point, amandla abilayo, i-plasticity, i-thermal conductivity, i-electrical conductivity, iimpawu ze-optical, njl. zonke zinokulinganiswa. Konke oku kunokulinganiswa ngeemvakalelo zomntu ezifana nolwimi, ulwimi kunye nomzimba, okanye ngezixhobo zovavanyo. Ngaphambi nasemva kokuba utshintsho lomzimba lwenziwe kwiimveliso ezipakishiweyo, uhlobo kunye nohlobo lweemveliso ezipakishiweyo azimiselwanga. Apha, sibonisa ikakhulu utshintsho lweemeko ezintathu zeebhokisi ze-cupcake ezenziwe ngokwezifiso, ukungena kunye nokuphuma kwamanzi, i-thermal conductivity kunye ne-mechanization yobushushu obuqhotyoshelweyo, utshintsho kwiipropati ze-electromagnetic kunye ne-optical, kunye notshintsho lwe-mechanical (amandla), njl.
Ingxaki yokunyibilika kwemveliso inxulunyaniswa ne-hygroscopicity, ukunyibilika kwamanzi kunye ne-hygroscopic point. I-Hygroscopicity imele amandla emveliso okufunxa nokukhulula ukufuma, nto leyo echaphazela iimpawu zayo zomzimba, ezifana neempawu zokuthintela amanzi, iimpawu zokugoba kunye nokwakheka kwamaqamza. Ukunyibilika kwamanzi kumela ipropati yesikhunta yokunyibilika emanzini afunxiweyo kwaye ibe lulwelo. Inqaku le-hygroscopic lichaza ixabiso lokufuma apho imveliso iqala ukufunxa ukufuma phantsi kweemeko ezithile zobushushu kunye noxinzelelo. Ukuba uxinzelelo luhlala luhleli, njengoko ubushushu obuphakathi bunyuka, inqaku le-hygroscopic liyancipha kancinci kancinci, okwenza kube lula ukuba imveliso ifunxe ukufuma kwaye inyibilike. Nangona ezinye iimveliso, ezifana ne-potassium sulfate, i-potassium perchlorate, njl.njl., zinokunyibilika kwamanzi okuhle kakhulu, iimpawu zazo zokufunxa zibuthathaka kakhulu, ngoko ke azilula ukuzinyibilikisa phantsi kweemeko zobushushu eziqhelekileyo kunye noxinzelelo. Kukwakho neemveliso ezithile, ezifana nesikhumba, iphepha, umqhaphu, isiponji, iglu yezitena, njl.njl., ezithi, nangona zine-hygroscopicity ephezulu, azinyibiliki emanzini kwaye ngenxa yoko azinyibiliki. Ngenxa yoko, kuphela xa imveliso ine-hygroscopicity ephezulu kunye nokunyibilika kakuhle kwamanzi apho inokunyibilika kancinci kancinci kwindawo efumileyo kwaye ekugqibeleni inyibilike ngokupheleleyo kulwelo. Ukufuma komoya kunempembelelo ebaluleke kakhulu kwinqanaba lokunyibilika kwemveliso. Ukuba ukufuma okulinganiselweyo kuphantsi kakhulu, neemveliso ezinyibilikayo ngokulula ezine-hygroscopicity ephezulu kunye neempawu zokuhlamba ngamanzi azilula ukunyibilika, kwaye iimeko zokufuma okuphantsi kakhulu, njengeentlango ezomileyo, azivumeli imveliso ukuba inyibilike.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Septemba-12-2023
