ritengapouaka koha rā kua hipokina ki te tiakarete

E whakapono ana te katoa e mōhio ana te katoa i ahu mai te tiakarete i ngā pīni koko, arā, ngā hua o te rākau koko mohoao i te ngahere ua o Amerika Waenganui. Neke atu i te 1300 tau ki muri, i hangaia e ngā Īniana Mayan o Yorktan tētahi inu e kiia nei ko te tiakarete me ngā pīni koko tunua. He inu hinuhinu te tiakarete o mua, nā te mea neke atu i te 50% te ngako o ngā pīni koko parai, ā, ka tīmata te tangata ki te tāpiri paraoa me ētahi atu matū māngaro ki te inu hei whakaiti i tōna hinuhinu.

I te tīmatanga o te rautau 16, i kitea e te kaihōpara Pāniora a Hernán Cortes i Mexico: i inu te kingi Aztec o te rohe i tētahi inu i hangaia ki ngā pīni koko, te wai me ngā mea kakara, i kawea mai e Cortes i te tau 1528 i muri i tana whakamātautau i a Pāniora, ā, i whakatō rākau koko ki tētahi moutere iti i Āwherika ki te Hauāuru.

I hurihia e ngā Pāniora ngā pīni koko kia paura, i tāpirihia he wai me te huka, kātahi ka whakamahana kia puta he inu e kiia nei ko te "tiakarete".  pouaka koha rā kua hipokina ki te tiakarete he mea tino rongonui i waenga i te marea. Kāore i roa ka akohia tōna tikanga hanga e ngā Itari, ā, kāore i roa ka horapa puta noa i Ūropi.

 

I te tau 1642, i kawea mai te tiakarete ki Parani hei rongoā, ā, i kainga e ngā Katorika.

I te tau 1765, ka tae mai te tiakarete ki te Hononga o Amerika, ā, i whakanuia e Benjamin Franklin hei "reka hauora, whai kiko hoki".

I te tau 1828, i hangaia e Van HOUTEN i roto i te Netherlands he mīhini pēhi koko hei pēhi i te paura e toe ana mai i te wai koko. Ka konatunatua te pata koko i pēhia e Van HOUTEN ki ngā pīni koko kuru me te huka mā, ā, ka puta te tiakarete tuatahi o te ao. I muri i te whakapūkara, te whakamaroke me te tunu, ka tukatukahia ngā pīni koko hei wai koko, pata koko me te paura koko, ka puta he kakara momona, ahurei hoki. Ko tēnei kakara taiao te tinana matua o te tiakarete.

I te tau 1847, i tāpirihia te pata koko ki te inu tiakarete hei hanga i te mea e mōhiotia ana i ēnei rā ko te pae tiakarete ngaungau.

I te tau 1875, i hangaia e Huiterangi te tikanga hanga tiakarete miraka, ā, nō reira i puta ai te tiakarete e kitea ana e koe.

I te tau 1914, i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao ka akiakihia te hanga tiakarete, i tukuna ki te papa pakanga hei tohatoha ki ngā hōia.

pouaka koha rā kua hipokina ki te tiakarete, he ranunga o ngā kai maha te tiakarete, engari ko tōna reka te mea nui e whakawhirinaki ana ki te reka o te koko tonu. Kei roto i te koko te theobromine me te caffeine, e puta ai he reka kawa; he reka pakupaku ngā tannins i roto i te koko, ā, ka taea e te pata koko te whakaputa i te reka ngako me te maeneene. Ko te kawa, te kawa, me te kawa o te koko, te maeneene o te pata koko, me te āwhina o te huka, te paura miraka rānei, te ngako miraka, te molt, te lecithin, te vanillin me ētahi atu rauemi āwhina, ā, i muri i te hangarau tukatuka tino pai, ehara i te mea ka mau tonu te reka ahurei o te koko i te tiakarete engari ka pai ake te noho tahi, te ahuareka me te reka.

Kua tino tohunga hoki tā mātou tīma kipouaka koha rā kua hipokina ki te tiakarete ritenga.Ko ngā rauemi e whakamahia whānuitia ana i tēnei wā ko te pepa toi, te kraft mā, te kraft parauri me te kātene, me ētahi atu. Anei, māku e whakamārama te rerekētanga i waenga i te pepa kraft mā noa me te pepa kraft mā kai-kai.

Kua whānuitia te whakamahinga o te pepa Kraft i roto i ngā momo takai kaipouaka koha rā kua hipokina ki te tiakarete, engari nā te mea he maha ngā wā ka nui ake te kanapa o te pepa kraft ma noa i te paerewa, ko te pepa kraft ma kounga kai anake ka taea te whakamahi i roto i ngā takai kai.

Nā, he aha te rerekētanga i waenganui i ngā mea e rua?

Te paerewa motuhake: te mā

He iti noa te wai mā e tāpirihia ana e te pepa kraft kai-kai, he iti te mā, ā, he āhua kōwhai te tae. He nui te wai mā e tāpirihia ana e te pepa kraft mā noa, nō reira he tino teitei te mā.

Paerewa Wehewehe 2: Te Whakahaere i te Pungarehu

He tino pakari ngā paerewa whakahaere mō te pepa kraft mā kounga kai, ā, he maha ngā tohu e tohua ana i runga i ngā whakaritenga kounga kai. Nō reira, he tino iti te taumata o te pungarehu o te pepa kraft mā kounga kai, engari he teitei ake te pungarehu o te pepa kraft mā kounga noa hei whakaiti i ngā utu.

Te Wehewehe i te Paerewa Tuatoru: Pūrongo Whakamātautau

E ai ki ngā whakaritenga mō ngā rauemi tākai kai-kai i tōku whenua, me paahitia e te pepa kraft mā-kai-kai te tirotiro QS, engari kāore e paahitia e ngā pepa noa.

Te wehewehe i ngā paerewa e whā: te utu

Ahakoa kāore te utu i tino rerekē, he uara tohutoro nui anō hoki. He nui ake te utu o te pepa kraft mā kounga kai i te pepa kraft noa.

Whai muri i te whakaaturanga poto o ngā rauemi, me kōrero anō hoki tātou mō te momo pouaka e whakamahia ana mō te takai tiakarete.

I tēnei wā, ko te kaupapa matuapouaka koha rā kua hipokina ki te tiakareteko ngā momo: Te kāhua o runga me raro, te pouaka me te kati aukume, te pouaka kāri, me ētahi atu

E toru ngā momo whakaaturanga i roto i te hanga pouaka koha o runga me raro

Tetuatahimomo pouaka koha tāne kua hipokina ki te tiakarete, he tino māmā te hanga o te taupoki ao o te pouaka koha poroporo o runga me raro. E rua ngā wāhanga, ko te taupoki o runga me te raro o raro, he mea watea mō te mahi mīhini paerewa. He paku nui ake te rahi o te taupoki o runga i te rahi o te raro o raro. Ngā poroporo o runga me raro Mō te whakamahinga tika, ko te āhua pai o te pouaka koha ko te taea e te raro te taka mārire me te kore e taka. Ka taea te hoahoa i te taupoki ao o te pouaka poroporo o runga me raro hei taupoki hei taupoki i te raro, ka taea rānei te taupoki i tētahi wāhanga o te pouaka o raro.

TetuaruaKo te momo pouaka koha tiakarete he hanga pouaka koha me te taha e karapoti ana. Haunga te taupoki o runga me te raro o raro, he anga anō kei waenganui. He rite te rahi o te pouaka taupoki ki te pouaka o raro. Ina ōrite te taupoki me te pouaka o raro, kāore he taupatupatu, he hē rānei, ā, ko te hanga o te pouaka koha me te taha o te ao he toru-ahu ake, he paparanga ake hoki i runga i te pānga tirohanga; Ka taea hoki te hoahoa kia iti ake te teitei o te taupoki o runga i te teitei o te taupoki o raro.

TetuatoruHe momo pouaka koha rāti kua hipokina ki te tiakarete, he rite te hanga o te pouaka koha uhi rangi me whenua ki te pouaka uhi ao huri noa, ko te rerekētanga ko te tuara o te pouaka koha kua whakapirihia ki te pepa kiko, ā, ko te taha maui me te taha matau o te pouaka koha he mea hono ki ngā rīpene, ka taea te whakatuwhera me te kati noa.

Ko te pouaka tākai koha me te kati aukume, kāore te tinana o te pouaka me te taupoki o te pouaka e wehea, pērā i te peke, ā, he kakau kei muri. He pouaka koha noa te pouaka angaanga, nā te mea ka whakatuwheratia i roto i te angaanga, nō reira ka kiia he pouaka angaanga. Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga o te pouaka angaanga ko te mea e hiahiatia ana he aukume. Ko ētahi atu momo pouaka kāore e hiahiatia he aukume, ka taea hoki te kī koinei ngā āhuatanga o ngā pouaka angaanga. He pono, he maha ngā raruraru o tēnei āhuatanga, pērā i te whiriwhiri i ngā aukume he mea tino uaua.

He aukume taha-kotahi, he aukume taha-rua hoki ngā aukume. Nā te mea he iti te utu o ngā aukume taha-kotahi, ā, he pai te mimiti, he maha ngā kaihanga pouaka koha ka whiriwhiri i ngā aukume taha-kotahi; ka kiia hoki ngā aukume taha-rua he aukume kaha. He tino pai te mimiti, engari he utu nui. He mea whakamahi noa iho i ētahi pouaka he nui ngā whakaritenga. I roto i ēnei, ka whakatauhia hoki te rahi o te aukume i runga i te rahi o te pouaka. Mena he nui te pouaka, ka taea te whakamahi i tētahi aukume nui ake hei pupuri. Hei whakapaipai, ko ngā takirua aukume maui me matau te mea e whakamahia ana mō ngā pouaka angaanga.

Ae, hei tāpiri atu kipouaka koha rā kua hipokina ki te tiakarete, ka whakaratohia hoki e mātou he putea pepa ritenga, he whakapiripiri, he rīpene me te pepa tārua, he pepa ātete ru.

Nā te tipu haere o te mākete kua whānui haere te whakamahinga o ngā kātene ki ngā momo mara. Haunga te tā i ngā pikitia ataahua, me tukatuka anō hoki te hanga kātene pērā i te pepa whakarara, te tapahi, te hanga me te whakairi pepa.

Ka pā tika te kounga o te whakaputanga o ia tukanga ki te kounga o te hua whakamutunga. Nō reira, he mea tino nui ia tukanga.

I tēnei wā, he maha ngā pouaka pepa i Haina e hangaia ana e te ringa.

Pepa whakapuru

01 Ngā taputapu me ngā taputapu tāpiri

Ko ngā taputapu e hiahiatia ana ko te mīhini piri me te mīhini whakapararite; ko ngā rauemi āwhina e hiahiatia ana ko te rapa.

02 Ngā tohu tukanga

① Tirohia te rārangi whakaputa me te tirotiro i te kounga o te pepa papa ipu. Ko te taumata makuku paerewa o te pepa papa ipu he 12%.

② Hei whakarite i te piripiri, ko te ōwehenga papatipu o ia wāhanga ko: te rapa mā: te wai = 3:1.

③ Whakapirihia te pepa mā ki roto, whakatakotoria te pepa kātene ki runga i te pereti i mua i te mīhini whakapiri, ka panaia te pepa ki ngā kaiwhakahaere i ngā taha e rua, takitahi i runga i te tere o te mīhini whakapiri, kātahi ka tangohia e te kaiwhakahaere te pouaka tuatahi. Ko te kātene, kātahi ko te pepa o roto kua pania ki te kātene, kia rite ki ngā taha e rua o te kātene. Ina whiwhi koe i te pepa, me mahi tahi ngā mea e rua me te kore e kōrero. Ki te kore e mahi tika, ka pakaru, ka miro rānei te pepa.

④ Whakapapatahi, patohia te pepa kātene e mau ana ki te raina ki roto i te mīhini whakapapatahi, whakatakotoria te pēhanga ki te 20MPa, ā, ko te wā he 5 meneti.

⑤ Kia oti te mahi whakaputa, tirohia te kounga, tatauhia te rahinga, whakairihia te pereti tautuhi mahi whakaputa, kātahi ka whakawhiti ki te mahi whakaputa e whai ake nei.

Ko ngā mea e tirohia ana ko: te ma o te mata o te pepa, pērā i te kāpia taupua, te piri me te ma, me ētahi atu.

03 Ngā Whakatūpato

① Kia aro ki te pānga o te ōwehenga piri ki te maeneene o te mata pepa, ā, kia whakahaere i te ōritetanga ina pania te piri.

② Me papatahi, me tū tika hoki te pepa arai ina whakairihia, ā, kaua te pepa arai e neke ake i te taha kua whakaritea o te pepa kātene.

③ Kaua te piripiri kua oti te whakarite kia angiangi rawa kia kore ai e miro te pepa o roto.

④ Horoia ō ringaringa i ngā wā katoa kia tino ma te mata o te pepa.

Te Hanga me te Whakapiri Pepa

Ko te hanga me te whakairi pepa te tukanga tino uaua, tino uaua hoki o te tukanga hanga pouaka. Mā te whai whakaaro nui me te whai kawenga i roto i te tukanga whakaputa ka taea te whakamana i te kounga.

01 Ngā taputapu, ngā pokepokea me ngā taputapu tāpiri

Ko ngā taputapu e hiahiatia ana he mīhini piri me he mīhini poka.

Ko ngā pokepokea ai e hiahiatia ana ko te waru, te poraka āwhina, te mate wero, te ipu kirihou, me te paraihe parauri.

Ko ngā rauemi āwhina e hiahiatia ana ko te kāpia 168, te kāpia takirua, te here rapa, te etanoru tino pai, me te kakahu miro.

02 Ngā tohu tukanga

① Tirohia te ota whakaputa me ngā tauira whakaputa kia kitea ai mēnā he tika ngā rauemi.

② Me tirotiro tuatahi te tuhinga me te whakaū i mua i te whakaputanga papatipu.

③ Huihuia te tinana o te pouaka.

Whakatakotoria te pepa kātene tapatapahi-mate ki runga i te tēpu, ka whakapirihia te kāpia ki ngā taha iti i ngā taha e rua; hiki ake ngā taha e whā o te pepa kātene kua pirihia, pēhia te taha nui ki te taha iti, ka whakauhia ki ngā here rapa e rua, whakatakotoria ki te koki 45° ki runga i te papa, tirohia anō, whakairihia ngā tohu, i muri i te whakamaroke hau, whakawhiti ki te tukanga e whai ake nei.

④ Whakamaua te tinana o te pouaka.

Tāpirihia te kāpia kia ōrite ki te mata o te pepa o te tinana o te pouaka, ka whakanoho tika i te āhua o te pouaka ki te rārangi anga i te tuara o te pepa mata;

Whakatakotoria te poraka āwhina ka pikohia ngā taha e whā ki raro i te koki o te 90°;

Tangohia te poraka āwhina, whakapikoa te taha toto ki roto, ka whakamahia he waru pakaka hei whakawhāiti i ngā taha e whā o te pouaka kia piri pai ai;

Tahurihia te pouaka kia tika, ka waru i ngā taha me ngā kokonga o ngā taha e whā ki tō matimati;

Kātahi ka whakatakotoria te poraka āwhina, ka murua te kiko o te mata ki te kakahu flanera mai i roto ki waho, ki te mea he paru kāpia, murua kia ma ki te kakahu flanera kua toua ki te iti o te etanoru;

Pupuhihia te hau kia piri pai; pokaia he kōhao kia tika ai te tūnga o ngā kōhao.

⑤ Kua oti te kounga o te tirotiro-ā-roto te whakarite, kua herea te taupoki o te rangi me te whenua, kua tatauhia te rahinga, ā, kua whakairihia te pereti tautuhi, ā, kua tukuna ki te tirotiro, kua tākaihia.

Ko ngā mea e tirohia ana ko: te pānga hanga, te pānga here, te ma o te mata, pērā i te papatahi me te ōritetanga o te tinana o te pouaka, te pakari me te ma, te kanapa, me ētahi atu.

03 Ngā Whakatūpato

① I te wā e huihui ana i te tinana o te pouaka, me piri, me hono pai ngā kokonga e whā o te kātene, ā, me ōrite te rahi o ngā kokonga e whā me te tihi. Mā te nui rawa o te mea kei roto, kei waho rānei, ka raru te pepa whakapiri. Kāore e whakaaetia kia whakawhitia ki te tukanga e whai ake nei ina kāore anō kia maroke te piripiri.

② I te wā e whakairihia ana te pepa mata, me horoi ki te kakahu harakeke kia piri pai ai, kia maeneene ai hoki te mata, kia kore ai he mirumiru hau, he paru kāpia rānei.

③ Ina waruhia te taha ki te waru, me waru ngā taha e whā kia tika te tūnga hei ārai i te piko, te miro rānei o ngā kokonga e whā.

④ Kia ma ō ringaringa, kia ma hoki te tēpu pokanga kia kore ai e piri ngā mahi poke ki te pepa arai i roto i te pouaka.