abakhiqizi bokupakisha be-baklava Ubuchwepheshe bokugcwalisa okuqinile kanye nemishini

 

Inqubo yokugcwalisa okuqinile ibhekisela enkambisweni yokusebenza yokulayisha izinto eziqinile ezitsheni zokupakisha. Uhla lwezinto eziqinile lubanzi kakhulu, lunezinhlobo eziningi, futhi izimo zazo kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali nazo zihlukile kakhulu, okuholela ezindleleni ezahlukene zokugcwalisa. Izici eziyinhloko ezinquma indlela yokugcwalisa ukuma, ukuthambekela kanye nokuqina kobuningi bezinto eziqinile. linda.

Izinto eziqinile zingahlukaniswa zibe izinto eziwuphuphu, izinto ezihlanganisiwe kanye nezinto ezihlanganisiwe ngokwesimo sazo somzimba. Ngokwe-viscosity yazo, zingahlukaniswa zibe izinto ezingezona eziqinile, izinto eziqinile kanye nezinto eziqinile.Izici zayo zimi kanje:

1.Izinto ezinganamatheli.Inoketshezi oluhle futhi ayinamatheli komunye nomunye ekushiseni kwegumbi. Uma ithululelwa endaweni eyisicaba, ingahlanganiswa ngokwemvelo ibe yisimo sekhoni. Ingasakazwa ngokulinganayo ngemva kokudlidliza okufanele. Lolu hlobo lwezinto kulula ukulugcwalisa, njengokusanhlamvu, ikhofi, usawoti oqoshiwe, ushukela, itiye, nezithelo eziqinile. , isihlabathi, njll.

2. Izinto ezinamathela kancane.Inezinga elithile lokunamathela kanye nokugeleza okuncane. Kulula ukuyihlanganisa noma ukuyigoqa lapho igcwaliswa, okwenza kube nzima ukuyithutha nokulinganisa. Ukudlidliza kungathuthukisa ukugeleza kwayo. Njengofulawa, ubisi oluyimpuphu, ushukela, i-washing powder, i-medical powder, i-pigment powder kanye nezinto ezi-granular eziqukethe inani elithile lomswakama.

3. izinto ezinamathelayo.Inamathela kakhulu, inamathela kalula emaqenjini, ayinamanzi amaningi, futhi inamathela kalula emishinini yokugcwalisa, okwenza ukugcwalisa kube nzima kakhulu. Njengempuphu kashukela onsundu, izithelo ezifakwe amaswidi kanye nezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali.

Inqubo yokugcwalisa izinto eziqinile isekelwe ezindleleni ezahlukene zokulinganisa, okuhlanganisa indlela yokugcwalisa ivolumu, indlela yokugcwalisa isisindo kanye nendlela yokubala yokugcwalisa. Izinto eziqinile ezimise okwejwayelekile noma izinto ezinkulu ezihlanganisiwe zivame ukusebenzisa indlela yokubala yokugcwalisa; amabhlogo anomumo ongavamile noma impuphu ekhululekile

 

Kunezindlela eziningi zokugcwalisa nokugcwalisa ngokwezidingo zokusebenza ezahlukene, ngokuvamile ezidinga ukugcwaliswa okunembile futhi kungabikho monakalo kokuqukethwe kanye nezitsha zokupakisha. Ukudla kanye nezinto zemithi kufanele zigcinwe zihlanzekile futhi zihlanzekile, futhi izimpahla eziyingozi kufanele zigcinwe ziphephile. Lapho ukhetha indlela yokucubungula, izici ezifana nesimo somzimba, uhlobo, kanye nenani lento, uhloboabakhiqizi bokupakisha be-baklavaisitsha, imishini yokupakisha, izindlela zokulinganisa, ukunemba kwenqubo, izindleko zokupakisha, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokuphelele. Okulandelayo kuzokwethula ukugcwalisa ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zokusebenza ezahlukene. kanye nezinqubo zokugcwalisa kanye nemishini ukuze kuqedwe lezi zinqubo.

 

Ukusebenza kokugcwalisa imikhiqizo yoketshezi kuabakhiqizi bokupakisha be-baklavaIzitsha zokupakisha ezifana namabhodlela, amathini, imiphongolo, njll. zibizwa ngokuthi ukugcwalisa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto eziqinile, izinto eziwuketshezi zinezici zokugeleza okuhle, ukuqina okuzinzile, kanye nokucindezelwa okuphansi. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziwuketshezi okufanele zigcwaliswe, ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zokudla, iziphuzo, izinongo, imikhiqizo yezimboni, izinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali, imithi, izibulala-zinambuzane, njll. Ngenxa yokuthi izakhiwo zazo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zihlukile kakhulu, izidingo zokugcwalisa nazo zihlukile. Isici esiyinhloko esithinta ukugcwalisa ukuthambekela koketshezi, kulandelwe

Kungukuthi ngabe kukhona igesi encibilikisiwe yini oketshezini kanye nesimo sokugeleza nokugqwala. Ngokuvamile, uketshezi lungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu ngokuya ngokugqwala kwalo. Isigaba sokuqala izinto ezincane zoketshezi ezinobuthi obuphansi kanye nokugeleza okuhle, njengamanzi, iwayini, ubisi, isosi yesoya, ama-potion, njll. Isigaba sesibili izinto zoketshezi ezinobuthi obuphakathi kanye nokugeleza okubi. Ukuze kwandiswe izinga lokugeleza kwalo, kudingeka kusetshenziswe amandla angaphandle, njenge-ketchup, ukhilimu, njll.

Isigaba sesithathu izinto ezinamathelayo ezinamathelayo ezinobuthi obukhulu kanye nokugeleza okuncane, ezidinga amandla angaphandle ukuze zigeleze futhi ngezinye izikhathi zidinga amazinga okushisa aphezulu okugcwalisa, njengejamu, umuthi wokuxubha, i-paste, njll.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto eziwuketshezi zihlukaniswe ngeziphuzo ezine-carbonated kanye neziphuzo ezinganyakazi ngokuya ngokuthi zincibilikisile yini igesi ye-carbon dioxide. Ubhiya, iwayini elikhazimulayo, i-champagne, i-soda, njll. yiziphuzo ezine-carbonated, ezaziwa nangokuthi iziphuzo ezine-carbonated. Zonke izinhlobo zamanzi amaminerali, amanzi ahlanzekile, iwayini elibomvu nelimhlophe, izinongo, njll. zonke ziyiziphuzo ezinganyakazi, kodwa izinongo zizokhiqiza amabhamuza uma zigeleza, okuthinta isabelo.

Ukugcwalisa uketshezi inqubo yokukhipha uketshezi ethangini lokugcina uketshezi, ukuludlulisa ngepayipi, bese ulufaka ku-abakhiqizi bokupakisha be-baklava isitsha sokupakisha ngesilinganiso esithile sokugeleza noma izinga lokugeleza. Ukuhamba koketshezi epayipini kuncike ekwehlukeni kwengcindezi phakathi kokuphela kokungena kanye nokuphela kokugeleza, okungukuthi, ingcindezi yokuphela kokungena kumele ibe phezulu kunokucindezela kokuphela kokugeleza. Ngokusho kombono we-fluid mechanics, kuzokwenzeka izimo ezimbili ezahlukene ngesikhathi senqubo yokugeleza koketshezi ngenxa yezimo eziyisisekelo ezahlukene.

 

Ukusebenza kokugcwalisa imikhiqizo ewuketshezi ezitsheni zokupakisha kubizwa ngokuthi ukugcwalisa, kanti imishini egcwalisa ukugcwalisa ibizwa ngokuthi umshini wokugcwalisa. Ukusebenza kokulayisha imikhiqizo eqinile ezitsheni zokupakisha kubizwa ngokuthi ukugcwalisa, kanti imishini egcwalisa izinto zokugcwalisa ibizwa ngokuthi imishini yokugcwalisa. Yizindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu zokugcwalisa ubuchwepheshe bokupakisha. Inqubo yokugcwalisa nokugcwalisa iyinqubo ephakathi enqubweni yokupakisha. Ngaphambi kokugcwalisa nokugcwalisa, kukhona ukulungiswa nokunikezwa kwempuphu, okuhlanganisa ukulungiswa kwesitsha, ukuhlanza, ukubulala amagciwane, ukomisa, kanye nokuhlelwa, kulandelwe ukuvala, ukuvala, ukulebula, ukuphrinta, ukufaka ama-pallet kanye nezinye izinqubo ezisizayo.

Izinto zokugcwalisa ziwuketshezi, futhi izici zayo eziyinhloko ezithonyayo ukujiya kanye nokuqukethwe kwegesi, kanye nokugqwala ngesikhathi sokugeleza. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziqinile zokugcwalisa, ezingahlukaniswa zibe ama-granule, ama-powder, ama-bumps noma izimo ezixubile ngokwesimo sazo somzimba. Ezinye zinokugeleza okuhle, kanti ezinye zinezinga elithile lokujiya ebusweni. Ngokusho kwezitsha ezahlukene zokupakisha, zingahlukaniswa zibe ukufaka izikhwama, ukufaka amabhodlela, ukufaka amathini, ibhokisi, ukufaka amabhokisi, njll.

Izinto zokugcwalisa nokugcwalisa ziyahlukahluka ngohlobo, isimo, ukugeleza kanye nenani, ngakho-ke izindlela zokulinganisa nazo ziyahluka. Ngokwendlela yokulinganisa, kukhona ivolumu (umthamo), isisindo (isisindo/isisindo) kanye nokubala (ubuningi), njll.

Indlela yokugcwalisa ivolumu iwukugcwalisa izinto ezitsheni zokupakisha ngokuya ngomthamo onqunyiwe. Ihlukaniswe kakhulu ngohlobo lwendebe yokulinganisa kanye nohlobo lwesikulufu, imishini yokugcwalisa ivolumu inesakhiwo esilula, isivinini esisheshayo, ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza okuphezulu kanye nezindleko eziphansi, kodwa ukunemba kokulinganisa kuphansi. Ifanele ukugcwalisa izinto ezimpuphu nezincane ezinama-granular anobukhulu obuqinile obubonakalayo, noma izinto ezinomthamo obaluleke kakhulu kunekhwalithi.

 

1. Gcwalisa indebe yokulinganisa

Ukulinganisa ukugcwaliswa kwendebe ukusebenzisa indebe yokulinganisa eningi ukulinganisa izinto bese uzigcwalisa ezitsheni zokupakisha. Lapho ugcwalisa, izinto ziwela ngokukhululeka endebeni yokulinganisa ngesisindo sazo. I-scraper ikhuhla izinto ezingeziwe endebeni yokulinganisa, bese izinto ezisendebeni yokulinganisa zigcwaliswa esitsheni sokupakisha ngaphansi kwesisindo sazo. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezakhiwo zendebe yokulinganisa: uhlobo lwesigubhu, uhlobo lwe-turntable, kanye nohlobo lwe-intubation. Ifanele ukugcwalisa izinto eziyimpuphu, ezi-granular neziqhekekile ezinezakhiwo ezinhle zokugeleza. Kwezinto ezinobuningi obuqinile, izinkomishi zokulinganisa eziqinile zingasetshenziswa, futhi ezintweni ezinobuningi obuqinile, izinkomishi zokulinganisa ezilungisekayo zingasetshenziswa. Le ndlela yokugcwalisa inokunemba okuphansi kokugcwalisa futhi ivame ukusetshenziselwa intengo ephansi.

umkhiqizo, kodwa ungagcwaliswa ngesivinini esikhulu ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.

(1)Ukugcwaliswa kwevolumu engaguquki yohlobo lwedramu kubizwa nangokuthi ukugcwaliswa kwevolumu engaguquki yohlobo lwephampu. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 5-13, kunezimbobo eziningana zokulinganisa emaphethelweni angaphandle kwesigubhu. Isigubhu sijikeleza ngesivinini esithile. Uma siphendulwa siye endaweni ephezulu, igumbi lokulinganisa Imbobo ixhunywe ne-hopper, futhi izinto zigeleza ziye emgodini wokulinganisa ngesisindo sazo. Uma ziphendulwa ziye endaweni ephansi, imbobo yokulinganisa ixhunywe nembobo engaguquki, futhi izinto zigeleza ziye esitsheni sokupakisha ngesisindo sazo. Ikamelo lokulinganisa linezinhlobo ezimbili: uhlobo lwevolumu oluhleliwe kanye nohlobo lwevolumu olulungisekayo, olufanele ukugcwalisa izinto eziyimpuphu ngobuningi obubonakalayo obuzinzile. Kodwa-ke, njengoba kunembobo eyodwa yokuvala, isivinini sokugcwalisa sihamba kancane futhi ukusebenza kahle kuphansi.

Uhlobo lokugoqa luhlobene nezici zomkhiqizo, izinto zokupakisha, izindlela zokuvala, njll. Ngokwendlela yokusebenza yokugoqa, lungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu: ukusebenza ngesandla, ukusebenza ngomshini okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokusebenza okuzenzakalelayo ngokuphelele; ngokwesimo sokugoqa, lungahlukaniswa ngokugoqa okugoqekayo kanye nokugoqa okusontiwe.

2. Inqubo yokugoqa

Ukugoqa okugoqekayo kuyindlela evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu. Inqubo eyisisekelo yile: ukusika ubude obuthile abakhiqizi bokupakisha be-baklavaizinto ezivela ezintweni ezigoqwayo, noma khipha ingxenye yezinto zokupakisha ezisikiwe kusengaphambili endaweni yokugcina izinto, bese ugoqa izinto ezipakishiwe, bese uzipakisha zibe yi-cylinder ngokugoqana. , bese ugoqa zombili izinhlangothi bese uvala kahle. Ngokwemvelo nesimo somkhiqizo, ukuhlobisa ubuso kanye nezidingo zemishini, indawo yomthungo kanye nesimo kanye nesiqondiso sokugoqa okuvulekile kungashintshwa.

Kunezindlela eziningi zokugoqa ezigoqekayo, ezihlukaniswa ngokwendawo yomthungo kanye nesimo sokugoqa kanye nesiqondiso sengxenye evulekile. Zingahlukaniswa ngohlobo lokugoqa olunezinhlangothi ezimbili, uhlobo lokugoqa lomthungo olunezinhlangothi ezimbili, uhlobo lokugoqa olunezinhlangothi ezimbili, kanye nohlobo lwe-multi-pleat olunezinhlangothi ezimbili. , uhlobo lwe-bevel, njll.

(1)Uhlobo lokugoqa emaphethelweni womabili. Le ndlela ifanelekela imikhiqizo yokugoqa enezimo ezijwayelekile neziyisikwele. Uma upakisha, qala ngokuyisonga ibe umthungo oyisilinda, ngokuvamile phansi, bese ugoqa izinhlangothi ezimfushane emaphethelweni womabili ukuze wakhe amakhona angunxantathu noma aqondile, bese ekugcineni ugoqa futhi uvale la makhona ngokulandelana.

isethi

Inqubo yokugoqa amakhona okugoqa kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ilula futhi ukusebenza ngomshini kulula ukukusebenzisa, kodwa imithungo ivame ukuba ngemuva, ngakho-ke ukuqina nokuvalwa kokugoqa akukuhle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithungo engemuva ithinta kancane ubuqotho bephethini ye-upholstery. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3-15, ngesikhathi sokusebenza ngesandla, imithungo ingagoqwa futhi igoqwe ukuze ukugoqa kuqine futhi ubuso bephakheji bube bushelelezi. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza ngomshiniabakhiqizi bokupakisha be-baklavaimisebenzi, ngenxa yezimiso zokusebenza ezahlukene, ukulandelana kwamakhona kanye nesiqondiso sokunyakaza komkhiqizo kuhlukile. Njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni

3-16 yizikhombisi-ndlela zokulandelana kokugoqa kokunyakaza okuphezulu nokwehla kanye nokuvundlile.

Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane kangcono nezidingo zokupakisha, zokugcina, zokuthutha kanye nezokuthengisa zemikhiqizo, izidingo eziyisisekelo zenqubo yokusonga yilezi: D. Sebenzisa izinto zokupakisha ezintsha kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze wandise isikhathi sokugcina izimpahla.

(2)Ngenkathi uqinisekisa imisebenzi eyisisekelo, zama ukusebenzisa izingxenye zokupakisha ezilula nezingabizi kakhulu futhi ufeze ukukhiqizwa okuzenzakalelayo.

(3)Lungisa futhi uqaphele ukuhlukaniswa kwezingxenye ezahlukene zamayunithi okuthengisa ekumaketheni kwezimpahla, futhi ufeze ukuhlelwa kwe-serialization kanye nokulinganisa inani, ikhwalithi kanye nosayizi.

(4)Yenza ukupakishwa komkhiqizo kuhlangabezane nezidingo zokuthengisa ezitolo ezinkulu, vumela abathengi ukuthi babone ngokucacile izici zomkhiqizo, benze lula ukufakwa kwemikhiqizo emashalofini, futhi banikeze isivikelo esisebenzayo semikhiqizo.

(5)Thuthukisa ukwakheka kokupakisha umkhiqizo futhi uthathe izinyathelo zokuphepha ezisebenzayo zokulwa nokukhwabanisa, ukulwa nokweba kanye nezinye izindlela zokuphepha

 

Ukugoqa ngohlobo lwe-twist kuwukugoqa ubude obuthile bezinto zokupakisha zibe yisimo esiyindilinga, bese ugoqa ingxenye evulekile ibe yi-twist ngokwesiqondiso esibekiwe. Izithungo ezihambisanayo azidingi ukubopha noma ukuvalwa ngokushisa. Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhlehla nokusonta, izinto zokupakisha ziyadingeka ukuthi zibe namandla athile okudabuka kanye ne-plasticity. Lolu hlobo lokugoqa lulula futhi kulula ukuluvula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, azikho izidingo ezikhethekile zesimo sezinto zokupakisha. I-Spherical, cylindrical, square, ellipsoid kanye nezinye izimo ziyamukeleka. Ingasetshenziswa ngesandla noma ngomshini, kodwa ukusebenza ngesandla kudinga umsebenzi omningi futhi kunzima ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuhlanzeka kokudla. Njengamanje, ukudla okuningi okugoqwe nge-twist okufana namaswidi kanye ne-ayisikhilimu kuye kwenziwa ngomshini.

Izinto zokupakisha ezisontekile zingaba izakhiwo ezinezingqimba eyodwa noma eziningi. Uma kusetshenziswa isakhiwo esihlanganisiwe esinezingqimba eziningi, izinto zokupakisha ezisetshenziswa ezingqimbeni zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zivame ukuhluka. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokusonga okusontekile, okuhlanganisa ukusontekile okukodwa, ukusontekile okuphindwe kabili kanye nokugoqwa. Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa indlela yokusontekile enezingqimba ezimbili. Uma kusebenza ngesandla, iziqondiso zokusontekile kuzo zombili iziphetho ziphambene; uma kusetshenziswa imisebenzi eyenziwe ngomshini, iziqondiso zivame ukufana. Ukusontekile okunezingqimba ezimbili akuvamile ukusetshenziswa futhi kusetshenziswa kakhulu kumaswidi aphezulu, ama-lollipops, izithelo kanye nophuzo oludakayo, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3-27. Uhlobo lokusontekile olunezingqimba ezimbili luboniswe kuMfanekiso 3-28, futhi luvame ukusetshenziswa ekupakisheni okuvamile kwamaswidi.