Tepōkai paraoa pokepokeE toru ngā wāhanga o te tukanga tākai wai: te mahi tuatahi, te maimoatanga whakahoromata me te tākai keke pupuhi
Ko ngā mahi tuatahi mō te tākai ko te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi hiato, te hoahoa i ngā tuhinga hanganga o ngā kātene me ngā pouaka āhua pereki, me te mahi hoahoa whakapaipai, kātahi ka tukuna ki tētahi wheketere rauemi tākai ngaio hei tā i runga i ngā tauira, tuhinga, me ngā tae o te hoahoa whakapaipai, te kōpiko me te tapahi i runga i te hoahoa hanganga, ā, i te mutunga ka kawea te rauemi tukutuku ki te wheketere tākai.
Tepōkai paraoa pokepokeMe whakahoromata te taiao o te awheawhe i mua atu, ā, i muri hoki i te takai, me pure te hau e tomo mai ana ki te rūma, ā, me pupuri te pēhanga hau i roto i te taiao awheawhe kia paku teitei ake i te pēhanga hau o waho hei ārai i te hau o waho ki te tomo ki te awheawhe, me te whakaiti i te whakaekenga mai o ngā huakita me te paru i te wā takai.
Ngā tukanga matua opōkai paraoa pokepokeko:
(1) Te Whakakī Ko te whakakī te tukanga tino nui o te tukanga tākai keke pupuhi katoa. He maha ngā mahi e mahia ana i runga i te mīhini whakakī.
- ①Te utaina o te rōra pepa. Whakamahia he taraka motuhake hei pana i te rōra pepa ki te mīhini, ā, whakamahia he hononga pepa aunoa. Ina tata pau te rōra pepa tawhito, ka taea te hono i ngā rōra pepa hou me ngā rōra pepa tawhito me te kore e mutu te mīhini. Ka whāngaihia te rōra pepa 1 e te rōra whāngai e peia ana e te motuka 3, ā, ka taea e te rōra mānu 2 te tīmata, te whakamutu rānei i te rōra whāngai 3. Ka haere te rīpene pepa ki ngā wāhi e 4 hei tā i te rā whakaputa, ā, ka pēhi i ngā kopa whakapae.
- ②Te hiri. Hei ārai i te turuturu i muri i te hiri wera ki te tuara o te kātene parakore, me whakamahi he rīpene hei hiri anō i te wāhi hiri wera. Ko te tikanga motuhake ko te whakamahi i te taputapu hiri hei whakapiri i te haurua o te rīpene PP 8mm te whānui ki te taha o roto o te pepa takai, ā, ko te haurua ka herea ki tetahi atu taha o te pepa takai i te wā e hiri poutū ana kia whiwhi ai i te hiri piri me te kaha.
- ③Te whakahoromata. I mua i te whakakī, tepōkai paraoa pokepokeKa rumakina te pepa takai ki roto i te tāke hauwai waikura (hauwai waikura) hei whakahoromata.
- ④Whakamaroke. Whakamahia he takirua roera pēhi 7 hei pēhi i te hauwai waikura ki runga i te pepa takai. I taua wā anō, ka whakamahia te ārai hau 8 hei rehu i te hau parakore pāmahana teitei o te 140~150°C hei whakamaroke i te hauwai waikura e toe ana i runga i te mata o te pepa takai i muri i te whakaputanga, ā, ka wawahia hei kohu wai me te hāora kino kore. I tēnei wā, ka taea hoki e te hau pāmahana teitei te whakarei ake i te whai huatanga o te whakahoromata o te hāora taiao hou, me te patu i ētahi huakita e toe ana.
- ⑤Te hiri me te whakakī i te wera. Ko tepōkai paraoa pokepokeKa hangaia te pepa takai hei ngongo mā roto i ngā roera ārahi e whā me te tuatahi. I tēnei wā, ka taupokina ngā taha e rua o te pepa takai mā te 8mm pea. Ka hiritia tonutia e te taputapu hiri poutū 10 ngā kiriata PE i roto, i waho hoki o te pepa takai i te taupoki, ā, ka whakapirihia te rīpene PP i te taha o roto kia mau; i taua wā anō, ka ringihia te wai kua whakahoromatatia, kua haria mai i te paipa whakahoromata ki roto i te ngongo pepa mā roto i te taputapu whakakī 9. Hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te takai ātete, me rumaki tonu te pito o te paipa whakakī ki roto i te wai.
- ⑥Whakamaua te rōrahi, pēhia ngā taha, ka hiritia whakapae. E rua ngā takirua maikuku o te taputapu e honoa ana ki runga, ki raro hoki. I te wā e mahi ana, ka piu ake, ka piu ki roto, ki waho hoki, ā, ka hiritia te wai me te kaha o te 250mL i roto i te kōhao pepa he tapawhā tapawhā te roa. Kei te mata o te maikuku he taputapu hiri wera me te tapahi. E rua ngā kātene tata e hiritia ana ki te taha whakararo mā te whakamahi i ngā paparanga e rua o ngā kiriata PE i roto i tepōkai paraoa pokepokepepa takai. Ko te whānui o te hiri wera he tata ki te 16mm. Whakamahia he maripi tapahi hei tapahi. E rua ngā wāhanga: ko te haurua o runga hei hiri o runga o te kātene o mua, ā, ko te haurua o raro hei hiri o raro o te kātene o muri mai. I roto i te pikitia, he wāhi parakore kua hiritia i roto i te pouaka rārangi iraira, ka taea ai te whakarite kia taea te mahi haumaru me te pono o te mahi whakakī i roto i te taiao parakore iti.
- ⑦Kōpikohia ngā kokonga. Ka kōpikohia ngā kokonga taha o runga, o raro hoki o te kete iti ki te taha me te raro i roto i te kōpaki āhua pereki, ā, ka rehuhia te mamaoa pāmahana teitei 160°C ki te raro me te taha i ngā tūranga e whā kia piri ai ngā kokonga o runga, o raro hoki ki ngā taha me ngā taha o raro. Whakapirihia ngā kokonga taha ki te raro. Kei te anga whakarunga te taha o raro o te kātene i roto i te kōpaki, ā, kei te anga whakarunga te taha o runga o te hua kua oti ina tukuna mai i te kōpaki ki te whitiki kawe.
(2) He mea hanga ngā ngongo wai e ngā wheketere ngaio hei whakangāwari i te inu a ngā kaihoko. He mea hanga ēnei ki te kirihou polyethylene, 115mm te roa, 4mm te whānui. He mea hanga tēnei pōkai paraoa pokepokei roto i ngā paparanga e rua o te kiriata kirihou polyethylene e tika ana mō tōna roa, ā, kua hiritia taha ki taha, kua rite mō te whakamahi. Ka whakapirihia ngā ngongo ki te rārangi whakarara kei muri o te kātene takai parakore, ka whakaotihia e te mīhini whakapiri ngongo motuhake. Ko te mahi tākai-muri ko:
- (1) Tāutahia ngā papa kōpikopiko, ā, whakamahia he takai whakangāwari wera. Ka taea te whakakotahi noa i ngā rahinga kia rite ki ngā hiahia hoko. He tikanga tākai reo-rahi te nuinga o te wā pērā i te 2×3, 3×4, 4×6, 3×9 rānei. Kei te Pikitia 8-7 te āhua o te 3×9. E rua ngā teihana kei runga i te whakangāwari wera.pōkai paraoa pokepokemīhini tākai. Tuatahi, ka tākaihia te wāhanga tākai, arā, te papa me te hua, ki te kiriata papatahi. Whai muri i te takai a te kiriata whakaiti wera PVC i te papa, ka heke te tikanga hiri me te tapahi ki te hiri wera me te hiri i te taha kē. Tapahia i te wā kotahi; tākaihia te mea kua tākaihia. Ka whakatakotoria te kete ki runga i te whitiki kawe ka tukuna ki te ara wera. Ka whakamahia te hau wera i te 150°C hei whakaiti i te kiriata PVC. Whai muri i te whakamatao, ka tangohia mai i te whitiki kawe hei hanga i tētahi kete takai whakaiti.
- (2) Ina kawea ngā kātene takai ā-kore i roto i ngā ipu, me takai mā te whakamahi i te takai totoro. 5. Te tirotiro i ngā takai ā-kore wai. Ka tirotirohia ngā kete wai hua ā-kore i runga ipurangi. Whai muri i te whakatikatika tuatahi o te mīhini whakakī, i mua i te whakapiri i te ngongo, ka tirotirohia matapōkeretia ngā pouaka e 2 i ia 10 meneti hei tirotiro i te kounga o te hanga, te hiri me te whakapiri me te kaha whakakī. Whai muri i te mahi noa, ka tirotirohia matapōkeretia ngā pouaka e 2 i ia 30 meneti, ā, he rite tonu ngā ihirangi o te tirotiro.
He taonga motuhake ngā tarukino e rua e pā ana ki te oranga me te haumaru o te tangata, nō reira me tino whakamanahia tōna whai huatanga me tōna haumaru. Te Haumaru o te Tarukino:
Ko ngā Tikanga Whakahaere Kounga (GMP) i tūtohutia e te Whakahaere Hauora o te Ao (WTO) kia tutuki ai te whakahaere kounga whānui o ngā rongoā mai i ngā rauemi mata e tomo ana ki te wheketere tae noa ki te tukunga whakamutunga. I roto i ēnei, ko ngā tikanga whakahaere mō te takai o ngā wheketere rongoā, ngā wāhi takai, me te takai. Ngā kaimahi,pōkai paraoa pokepokeHe mārama ngā ture me ngā whakaritenga mō ngā taputapu tākai, ngā rauemi tākai, ngā taputapu tākai, ngā tohu tākai, me ētahi atu. I roto i te poto, me whai mahi ngā tākai rongoā pēnei i te haumaru, te pono, te tiaki pai, te ngāwari o te tukatuka, te whakatairanga hoko, te ōhanga, te whakamahinga watea, me te tuku mōhiohio. 1. Ngā whakaritenga tākai mō ngā momo rongoā
He maha ngā momo rongoā, ā, ko ngā whakaritenga hangarau mōpōkai paraoa pokepokewhakauru:
① Te pānga o ngā āhuatanga o waho ki ngā pounamu rongoā. He tino pāngia ngā rongoā e ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, matū, moroiti me te āhuarangi. Hei tauira, ka ngāwari te waikura i te hau, ka pangia e ngā huakita. He ngāwari te pirau me te huri tae ina pā ki te māramatanga. Ka ngāwari te pirau me te pirau ina pā ki te wera. He ngāwari te whakapūpū me te whakangawari ina werahia. Nō reira, ka ngaro te whai huatanga o ngā rongoā, ā, i ētahi wā, ehara i te mea kāore e mahi. Mā te rongoā i tētahi mate ka taea te whakararu i te oranga me te whakararu i te oranga. Nō reira, ahakoa te āhua, te hanganga, te hoahoa whakapaipai me te kōwhiringa o ngā rauemi takai mō te takai rongoā, me whakaaro tuatahi tātou ki tōna mahi tiaki, arā, te pupuri i te whai huatanga o te rongoā. Ko te wā whai mana toharite o ngā rongoā he 2 tau, ā, ko ētahi ka neke atu i te 3 tau. Nō reira,pōkai paraoa pokepokeme whakarite hoki kia pumau ngā kai o roto i ngā rongoā i te wā e whai mana ana, ā, e kore e pirau. He rerekē te pirau o ngā momo rongoā rerekē.
He ngāwari ngā rongoā totoka pērā i ngā papa me ngā paura ki te makuku. Ina rerekē te pāmahana me te haumākū, ka āta rerekē te āhua me te kounga. Hei tauira, i muri i te makuku o ngā papa kua pania ki te huka, ka memeha te mata, ka puta ngā kapiti i roto i te wā, ka whakaiti i te nui o ngā kai matua o te rongoā. Ka whakaitihia te pānga. Ko tētahi atu tauira ko te piri o ngā paura me ngā kirikiri i muri i te mākū, ka whakaitihia hoki te whai huatanga me te kounga o te rongoā.
Ahakoa kāore ngā rongoā pēnei i ngā wai, i ngā werohanga rānei e pāngia e te makuku, ka ngāwari ki te waikura ina pā ki te hāora i te rangi, ka taea hoki e tēnei te whakarerekē i ngā wāhanga matua o te rongoā, ka puta te tae ke, te ua rānei; ka ngāwari hoki ētahi rongoā ki te poke i te huakita, te harore, me te rewena. Ka pirau, ka ngaro katoa tōna whai huatanga, ā, ka waiho hei para.
Ka whakangawaritia, ka waikuratia rānei ngā rongoā matotoru pērā i ngā hinu whakahinuhinu, ka rerekē rānei te tae ina pāngia e ngā huringa pāmahana me te māramatanga.
Ngā whakaritenga mō te takai rongoā. Tuatahi, me whai whakaaro ki te āhua hinengaro me ngā whakaritenga o te tūroro, ā, me whakauru hoki he mōhiohio e ranea ana kia taea ai e ngā kaihoko te mārama ki ngā kai me te papamuri hanga o te rongoā, tōna whai huatanga tika ki te mate, me pēhea te tango. Me whakaata te hoahoa momo i te wairua haumaru me te whakawhirinaki. I taua wā anō, me ngāwari te whakamahi, te kawe me te penapena, ā, me whai whakaaro hoki ki te whakahaere aunoa i te takai hei whakapai ake i te hua. E whakaatu ana te Ripanga 8-6 i te whakarōpūtanga o ngā momo horopeta rongoā me tepōkai paraoa pokepokengā puka tākai e whakamahia ana hei tohutoro.
E ai ki te taiao tohanga rongoā, pērā i te pāmahana, te haumākū, te hāora, te mārama, me ētahi atu, me ngā āhuatanga o te momo inenga rongoā, me whiriwhiri ngā tukanga me ngā rauemi tākai tika mō te hoahoa tākai tiaki. Hei tauira, mō ngā rongoā e pāngia ngāwari ana e te makuku, me whakamahi ngā rauemi tākai ātete-makuku mō te hoahoa tākai ātete-makuku; mō ngā rongoā kāore e pumau ina pāngia e te mārama, me whakamahi ngā rauemi ārai-mārama.
pōkai paraoa pokepokeKo ngā rauemi he hua penupenu i hangaia mai i te penupenu pepa (te penupenu pepa para rānei) hei rauemi mata matua, ā, ka hangaia ngā muka, ka whakakīia, ka whakamarokehia ki runga i te kupenga pokepoke whakarewa ka taea te mimiti. I tīmata tō tātou whenua ki te whakaputa hua penupenu i te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1980, ā, i whakamahia tuatahitia ēnei ki roto i ngā takai ārai mō te kawe i ngā taonga pakarukaru, pērā i ngā paepae hua manu. I tēnei wā, kua whānuitia tōna whānuitanga tono ki ngā takai kawe, pērā i ngā papa whakarewa penupenu, ngā wāhanga hanganga ārai o ētahi hua miihini me te hiko, me ētahi atu. I te wā e whakaputa ana i ngā hua penupenu, mēnā ka tāpirihia e te whakarei ake i te mā, te tae, te paninga me ētahi atu tukanga, ka taea te whakapai ake i te mahi me te āhua o ngā hua penupenu, ā, ka taea te whakamahi mō te hoko takai kai, me ētahi atu. I te piki haere o te mōhiotanga taiao o te tangata, ko ngā hua penupenu pea te mea pai hei whakakapi i ngā rauemi uaua ki te whakahaere pērā i te kirihou pahuka.
Wā tuku: 15 Paenga-whāwhā 2024
